a, Rescaling of TRD and TRI neurons measured through modulation depth change (MD∆) from BMI1 and BMI2 in OPTOUP, OPTODOWN, and OPTOOFF experiments (mean in solid line ± s.e.m. in box; OPTOUP sessions unpaired t test t110 = −0.47, P = 0.64; OPTODOWN sessions unpaired t test t106 = 3.67, *P < 10−3; OPTOOFF sessions paired t test t73 = 5.52, **P < 10−6). b, Example plot of SFC as a function of frequency in Sleeppre and Sleeppost in OPTOUP and OPTODOWN experiment for two TRD neurons. The lighter band is the jackknife error. c, Averaged SFC changes from Sleeppre to Sleeppost for TRD neurons in OPTOUP, OPTODOWN, and OPTOOFF groups (mean in solid line ± s.e.m. in box, one-way ANOVA, F2,41 = 44.83, P < 10−10; significant post hoc t tests, ***P < 0.05). d, Averaged SFC changes for TRD cells versus averaged rescaling of TRI cells from BMI1 to BMI2 in OPTOUP, OPTODOWN, and OPTOOFF groups (linear regression R2 = 0.66, P < 10−6).