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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Mar 5.
Published in final edited form as: Eur J Pharmacol. 2018 Jan 20;822:95–107. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.01.014

Figure 9. Proposed mechanism of (−)-epicatechin ((−)-EPI) induced stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis in C2C12 myotubes.

Figure 9

GPER, G-protein coupled estrogen receptor; mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA; siRNA, small interfering RNA; TFAM, mitochondrial transcription factor A; NRF-2, nuclear respiratory factor-2; G-36, GPER antagonist. The black arrow with dashed line suggests the presence of another type of receptor activated by (−)-EPI.