Table 3.
Summary of studies reporting energy expenditures in stroke patients.
| Population | Resting energy expenditure (kcal/d) | Comments | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ischemic stroke on TF; Healthy control | 1300 1514 |
Lower REE in stroke patients partially explained by organ atrophy in elderly, decreased sympathetic activity, and paresis | (48) |
| Sedated ischemic stroke on mechanical ventilation; Sedated SICH on mechanical ventilation |
1603 1628 |
No significant difference between the two groups (p=0.9) Sedation could lower energy expenditure |
(30) |
| Ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke Healthy control |
Day 21 1521 Day 90 1663 Average REE 1665 |
REE = 110% BEE No significant difference in energy expenditure between ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes |
(29) |
| Acute ischemic stroke | First measurement (24–72 hours) 1252 Second measurement (10–14 days) 1219 |
REE not elevated probably because of change in muscular tone and decreased physical activity | (47) |
| Critically ill SICH | Average REE 1878.9 | REE = 117.5% BEE More energy requirement probably because of higher body temperature and slight elevation of serum cortisol levels |
(51) |
| Non-traumatic IH sTBI | 1810 2238 |
Both groups are hypermetabolic with no significant difference (p=0.25) | (52) |
| Mechanically ventilated TBI on TPN Mechanically ventilated IH on TPN |
473–2172 552–1591 |
REE = 120% BEE for TBI; REE = 140% BEE for IH Deeper coma patients had lower REE |
(53) |
| SAH underwent surgical clipping (mild group: grade I and II HH) SAH underwent surgical clipping (severe group: grade III, IV, V) |
Day 4 151% BEE = 1795 Day 10 172% BEE = 2045 Day 4 146% BEE = 1854.2 Day 10 198% BEE = 2514 |
BEE mild = 1189 BEE severe = 1270 SAH managed by surgery provokes high stress response with increased catabolism. |
(43) |
| Poor-grade SAH (HH) | REE = 1960 Caloric intake = 980 |
REE = 110–130% BEE Negative energy balance associated with infectious complications (UTI, bloodstream infections, and pneumonia) and medical complications (anemia, hyperglycemia, and fever) |
(26) |
| SAH | Day 14 REE = 1679 Caloric intake = 846 |
Underfeeding, inflammation, and high HH are associated with HAI | (27) |
TF = tube feeding; REE = Resting energy expenditure; BEE = Basal energy expenditure; SICH = Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage; IH = intracranial hemorrhage; sTBI = severe traumatic brain injury, HH = Hunt & Hess; UTI = Urinary tract infections; HAI = Hospital-acquired infections