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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017 Nov 14;66(2):247–253. doi: 10.1111/jgs.15073

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Association between Cumulative Proton Pump Inhibitor Use and Risk of Incident Dementia. The curve corresponds to estimated adjusted HRs for dementia comparing a given level of proton pump inhibitor exposure (on x-axis) to no exposure (0 TSDDs). Shading corresponds to 95% confidence intervals for the adjusted HR estimates. Y-axis uses a log scale but with corresponding HRs denoted. The minimally adjusted estimates (shown only in the table below the plot) are from a model adjusted only for age and study cohort. The estimates from the primary adjusted model (shown both in the table and the plot) are adjusted for age, study cohort, sex, education, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, stroke, coronary heart disease, body mass index, exercise, self-rated health, depression, gait speed, difficulties with activities of daily living, hospitalizations, and cumulative exposure to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications and anticholinergic medications. 152 (4.4%) participants with missing covariate information were excluded from all model estimates. TSDD, Total Standardized Daily Dose