Fig. 4.

Honey bee aggression shows a high degree of environmental sensitivity throughout life, as well as heritable variation as a function of genotype. Right: Solid lines indicate the continuous increase in aggressive tendency that occurs as bees age. Dotted lines indicate environmentally induced changes in aggression, which have variable timescales of effect. Green bars indicate short-term changes in aggression as a function of acute exposure to a predator threat. Left: Active honey bees at the colony entrance (Photo by C. Rittschof)