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. 2018 Feb 8;6:8. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00008

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Copyright © 2018 Zhao, Dunker, Yu and Karijolich.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Functions of noncoding RNA (ncRNA) pseudouridylation during transcription. The secondary structures of ncRNAs are shown, and the pseudouridylation sites are denoted as a red star. The green arrow and red-blocking arrow highlight the ncRNAs that are known to regulate polymerase II (Pol II) transcription, the factors they target and whether the effect of the ncRNA on transcription is stimulatory or inhibitory, respectively. HIV-1 LTR, human immunodeficiency virus-1 long terminal repeat; HRE, hormone response element; HIV-1 TAR, human immunodeficiency virus-1 transactivation response; NHR, nuclear hormone receptor; P, phosphoryl group; P-TEFb, positive transcription–elongation factor-b; SRA; steroid receptor RNA activator; SRC-1, steroid receptor activator-1.