Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β inhibition with 9ING41 blocks mesothelial mesenchymal transition (MesoMT) induction. A–C: Human primary mesenchymal cells (HPMCs) were treated with varying doses of 9ING41 (10 to 0.05 μmol/L) in serum-free media for 24 hours before the addition of 5 ng/mL transforming growth factor (TGF)-β (A), 7 nmol/L plasmin (PLN) (B), or 20 nmol/L urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) (C). Cells were then allowed to incubate for 48 hours. Conditioned media and lysates were then resolved by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotted for collagen (Col)-1 and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) by Western blot analysis. β-Actin was used as loading control. D: HPMCs were treated with varying doses of 4-benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione (TDZD-8; 20 to 1 μmol/L) in serum-free media for 24 hours before the addition of 5 ng/mL TGF-β. Conditioned media and lysates were then resolved by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotted for Col-1 and α-SMA by Western blot analysis. Akt was used as loading control. n = 2 to 3 independent experiments. PBS, phosphate-buffered saline.