Table 1. Perioperative Characteristics of the Patients.
| No Pressure ulcer (n = 86) | Pressure ulcer (n = 43) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Preoperative characteristics | |||
| Age (yr) | 61.8 ± 10.8 | 61.7 ± 10.7 | 0.592 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 69 (80%) | 35 (84%) | 0.811 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.1 ± 4.0 | 23.3 ± 4.3 | 0.122 |
| ASA class (1–3 vs. 4–5) | 60 vs. 26 | 24 vs. 19 | 0.123 |
| Charlson comorbidity score | 63 ± 11 | 61 ± 11 | 0.175 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 12.5 ± 2.1 | 11.6 ± 1.9 | 0.014 |
| Albumin (g/dl) | 3.7 ± 0.6 | 3.1 ± 0.8 | < 0.001 |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 1.3 ± 0.9 | 3.2 ± 2.9 | 0.001 |
| Intraoperative characteristics | |||
| Solid organ transplantation (liver & lung) | 26 (30%) | 13 (30%) | |
| Open abdominal surgery | 22 (26%) | 11 (26%) | |
| Thoracic surgery | 18 (21%) | 9 (21%) | |
| Orthopedic surgery | 6 (7%) | 3 (7%) | |
| Head and neck surgery | 10 (12%) | 5 (12%) | |
| Urological surgery | 2 (2%) | 1 (2%) | |
| Laparoscopic abdominal surgery | 2 (2%) | 1 (2%) | |
| Anesthesia time (min) | 460 (247–660) | 310 (215–670) | 0.575 |
| Blood loss (ml) | 525 (200–1,662) | 900 (250–2,300) | 0.054 |
| Packed RBC transfusion (units) | 0 (0–2) | 1 (0–5) | 0.002 |
| Intraoperative minimum pH | 7.3 ± 0.1 | 7.3 ± 0.1 | 0.058 |
| Hypotensive event (mean blood pressure <40% of baseline), n (%) | 37 (43%) | 24 (56%) | 0.193 |
| Intraoperative vasopressor, n (%) | 42 (49%) | 26 (61%) | 0.263 |
| Minimum body temperature (℃) | 35.6 ± 0.9 | 35.4 ± 0.9 | 0.328 |
| Intraoperative patient position | 0.049 | ||
| Supine | 57 (66%) | 36 (84%) | |
| Prone | 4 (5%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Lateral | 22 (26%) | 7 (16%) | |
| Lithotomy | 3 (4%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Postoperative characteristics | |||
| APACHE II score | 16.3 ± 7.0 | 20.1 ± 6.2 | 0.003 |
| Braden scale | 14.4 ± 2.8 | 12.5 ± 2.7 | < 0.001 |
| pH | 7.37 ± 0.07 | 7.35 ± 0.10 | 0.197 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 11.5 ± 2.1 | 10.2 ± 2.3 | 0.004 |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 3.0 ± 2.6 | 4.5 ± 3.2 | 0.017 |
| Postoperative ICU stay (days) | 3 (2–7) | 9 (5–25) | < 0.001 |
| Postoperative hospital stay (days) | 21 (13–35) | 28 (14–54) | 0.471 |
| Mortality, n (%) | 8 (9%) | 17 (40%) | < 0.001 |
| Ventilator care, n (%) | 45 (52%) | 38 (88%) | < 0.001 |
| Restraint, n (%) | 45 (52%) | 39 (91%) | < 0.001 |
| Total parenteral nutrition, n (%) | 40 (47%) | 23 (54%) | 0.463 |
Data are reported as mean ± SD, median (interquartile range), or number (%). ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists, RBC: red blood cells, APACHE: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, ICU: intensive care unit.