Table 2. Baseline characteristics of study participants by the frequency of exercise.
| Variables | Exercise frequency (days per week) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 (n = 232,315) | 1–2 (n = 116,389) | 3–4 (n = 45,447) | 5–6 (n = 12,881) | 7 (n = 33,927) | ||
| Age, yr | 53.84 ± 10.03 | 50.55 ± 8.38 | 51.07 ± 8.48 | 52.18 ± 8.94 | 56.36 ± 9.74 | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.88 ± 3.07 | 24.15 ± 2.85 | 24.23 ± 2.77 | 24.24 ± 2.82 | 24.24 ± 2.89 | |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 200.21 ± 39.12 | 200.89 ± 37.80 | 201.06 ± 38.49 | 201.16 ± 38.09 | 200.63 ± 38.49 | |
| FBS, mg/dL | 98.54 ± 35.83 | 98.87 ± 34.08 | 98.17 ± 34.27 | 98.87 ± 36.66 | 100.98 ± 37.97 | |
| SBP, mmHg | 127.10 ± 18.57 | 126.80 ± 17.47 | 126.40 ± 17.51 | 126.88 ± 17.79 | 129.19 ± 18.69 | |
| DBP, mmHg | 79.33 ± 11.80 | 80.14 ± 11.63 | 79.61 ± 11.58 | 79.56 ± 11.55 | 80.17 ± 11.82 | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 130,944 (46.38) | 78,987 (67.86) | 28,855 (63.49) | 7,627 (59.21) | 18,457 (54.40) | |
| Female | 151,371 (53.62) | 37,402 (32.14) | 16,592 (36.51) | 5,254 (40.79) | 15,470 (45.60) | |
| Household income | ||||||
| 0–2 (lowest) | 50,847 (18.01) | 15,237 (13.09) | 5,210 (11.46) | 1,415 (10.99) | 4,992 (14.71) | |
| 3–4 | 46,955 (16.63) | 13,022 (11.19) | 4,430 (9.75) | 1,305 (10.13) | 4,713 (13.89) | |
| 5–6 | 48,779 (17.28) | 16,527 (14.20) | 5,713 (12.57) | 1,693 (13.14) | 5,332 (15.72) | |
| 7–8 | 58,237 (20.63) | 23,973 (20.60) | 8,986 (19.77) | 2,610 (20.26) | 7,081 (20.87) | |
| 9–10 (highest) | 77,497 (27.45) | 47,630 (40.92) | 21,108 (46.45) | 5,858 (45.48) | 11,809 (34.81) | |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Non-smoker | 195,835 (69.37) | 64,691 (55.58) | 27,844 (61.27) | 8,070 (62.65) | 23,606 (69.58) | |
| Past smoker | 24,298 (8.61) | 17,522 (15.05) | 7,246 (15.94) | 2,377 (18.45) | 3,901 (11.50) | |
| Current smoker | 62,182 (22.03) | 34,176 (29.36) | 10,357 (22.79) | 2,434 (18.90) | 6,420 (18.92) | |
| Hypercholesterolemia | ||||||
| Total cholesterol ≥ 240 mg/dL | 41,040 (14.54) | 16,438 (14.12) | 6,488 (14.28) | 1,915 (14.87) | 5,045 (14.87) | |
| Hypertension | ||||||
| SBP/DBP ≥ 140/90 mmHg or medication | 129,482 (14.54) | 50,438 (14.12) | 19,784 (14.28) | 5,782 (14.87) | 17,625 (14.87) | |
| CCI | ||||||
| 0 | 122,490 (43.39) | 57,240 (49.18) | 21,386 (47.06) | 5,878 (45.63) | 13,511 (39.82) | |
| 1 | 75,517 (26.75) | 30,390 (26.11) | 12,035 (26.48) | 3,389 (26.31) | 8,954 (26.39) | |
| 2 | 43,193 (15.30) | 15,529 (13.34) | 6,180 (13.60) | 1,862 (14.46) | 5,356 (15.79) | |
| 3 or more | 41,115 (14.56) | 13,230 (11.37) | 5,846 (12.86) | 1,752 (13.60) | 6,106 (18.00) | |
Data presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (%).
BMI = body mass index, FBS = fasting blood sugar, SBP = systolic blood pressure, DBP = diastolic blood pressure, CCI = Charlson comorbidity index.