Figure 4.

Chronic ethanol alters select RNA modifications in sperm small noncoding RNA. UHPLC-MS/MS was performed on the ~30–40 nt fraction of sperm RNA from chronic ethanol and control exposed groups. Post-transcriptional modifications were examined for each of the parent nucleosides, (A) uridine, (B) cytidine, (C) adenosine, and (D) guanosine. Chronic ethanol increased the uridine modification, 5-methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine (mnm⁵s²U) (q < 0.1) and the cytidine modification formylcytidine (f⁵C) (q < 0.01). Data presented as μ ± SEM bars. N = 3 pooled samples/group. ^*q < 0.1, ^**q < 0.01.