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. 2018 Feb 13;11:22. doi: 10.1186/s13045-018-0568-6

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© The Author(s). 2018

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 3 — Strategies being exploited to overcome challenges in CAR-T therapy in solid tumor. Various strategies are currently being tested in preclinical and clinical studies to overcome the challenges facing CAR-T therapy for solid tumor (gray), including a, b enhancing T cell (beige) trafficking, c reforming tumor microenvironment (pink represented physiological barriers), d, e anti-immunosuppression, elevating antigen recognition towards tumor (f, g), and healthy cells (darker beige) (h), as well as i–l improving safety control using suicide switch or on-switch. Detailed mechanisms were further illustrated in the section “Overcoming Challenges with Smarter CAR Designs”