Table 1.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Inclusion criteria

- Aged ≥18 years

- Insidious neck pain for at least 3 months

- Average neck pain intensity over the past week ≥30 mm (100 mm visual analogue scale)

- Score ≥ 10/100 on the Neck Disability Index-Thai version (NDI-TH) [47]

Exclusion criteria

- Previous history of neck and head trauma or surgery

- Known or suspected vestibular pathology, vertigo or dizziness from ear or brain disorders, sensory nerve pathways (e.g. BPPV), or vascular disorders (e.g. migraine, hypertension)

- Any musculoskeletal or neurological conditions that could affect balance

- Inflammatory joint disease

- Systemic conditions

- Cognitive impairment

- Taking four or more medications

- Received physiotherapy treatment for their neck disorder in the past 12 months