Table 1.
Summary of EEG-BCI studies for communication, control and rehabilitation involving people with motor impairment.
| Study | Participants | Disease | EEG-BCI application | EEG-based neurophysiological input |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Birbaumer et al., 1999 | Two participants | ALS | TTD system | SCP |
| Birbaumer et al., 2000 | Five participants | ALS | TTD system | SCP |
| Kubler et al., 2001 | Two participants | ALS | TTD system | SCP |
| Hinterberger et al., 2003 | One participant | ALS | TTD system | SCP |
| Neumann and Birbaumer, 2003 | Five participants | ALS | TTD system | SCP |
| Neumann et al., 2003 | One participant | ALS | Visual feedback | SCP |
| Karim et al., 2006 | One participant | ALS | Web browsers | SCP |
| Pfurtscheller et al., 2000 | One participant | SCI | Rehabilitation | Motor imagery and SMR |
| Neuper et al., 2003 | One participant | CP | Graz-BCI | Motor imagery and SMR |
| Krausz et al., 2003 | Four participants | Paraplegia | Graz-BCI | Motor imagery and SMR |
| Wolpaw and McFarland, 2004 | Four participants (two people with motor impairment and two able-bodied) | SCI | Cursor movement systems | Motor imagery and SMR |
| Kübler et al., 2005 | Four participants | ALS | Cursor movement systems | Motor imagery and SMR |
| Kauhanen et al., 2007 | Six participants | Five SCI, one G-B | Game application | Motor imagery and SMR |
| Leeb et al., 2007 | One participant | SCI | Virtual environments | Motor imagery and SMR |
| Bai et al., 2008 | 11 participants (nine able-bodied and two people with motor impairment) | One Stroke, one ALS | Game application | Motor imagery and SMR |
| Cincotti et al., 2008a | Six participants (five able-bodied and one people with motor impairment) | SCI | Cursor movement systems | Motor imagery and SMR |
| Cincotti et al., 2008b | 28 participants (14 able-bodied 14 people with motor impairment) | Eight with SMA II/III, six with DMD | Control of external devices | Motor imagery and SMR |
| McFarland et al., 2008 | Six participants (four able-bodied two people with motor impairment) | SCI | Cursor movement systems | Motor imagery and SMR |
| Babiloni et al., 2009 | 20 participants (14 able-bodied and six people with motor impairment) | DMD | Control of external devices | Motor imagery and SMR |
| Conradi et al., 2009 | Seven people with motor impairment participants | SCI | Control of external device | Motor imagery and SMR |
| Holz et al., 2013 | Four participants | One tetra paresis, one CP, two cerebral bleeding | Game applications | Motor imagery and SMR |
| Ramos-Murguialday et al., 2013 | 32 participants | Stroke | Rehabilitation | Motor imagery and SMR |
| Leeb et al., 2015 | 29 participants (9 people with motor impairment participants and 10 able-bodied) | Six SCI, two myopathy, one DMD | Control of external devices | Motor imagery and SMR |
| Pichiorri et al., 2015 | 28 participants (14 BCI MI training group and 14 no-BCI MI training group) | Stroke | Rehabilitation | Motor imagery and SMR |
| Geronimo et al., 2016 | 40 participants (25 people with motor impairment and 15 able-bodied) | ALS | Control of external device | Motor imagery, SMR, and P300 |
| Arvaneh et al., 2016 | 22 participants (six people with motor impairment and 16 able-bodied) | Stroke | Rehabilitation | Motor imagery and SMR |
| Park et al., 2016 | 32 participants (20 people with motor impairment and 12 able-bodied) | Stroke | Rehabilitation | Motor imagery and SMR |
| Sellers and Donchin, 2006 | Six participants (three able-bodied and three people with motor impairment) | ALS | Speller systems | P300 |
| Piccione et al., 2006 | 12 participants (five people with motor impairment and seven able-bodied) | ALS, MS, GB, Stroke, SCI | Control of external devices | P300 |
| Hoffmann et al., 2008 | Nine participants (five people with motor impairment and four able-bodied) | CP, MS, ALS, TBI-SCI, Post-anoxic encephalopathy | Speller systems | P300 |
| Nijboer et al., 2008 | Six participants | ALS | Speller systems | P300 |
| Kübler et al., 2009 | Four participants | ALS | Speller systems | P300 |
| Kaufmann et al., 2013 | 25 participants (16 able-bodied and 9 motor-impaired) | Two SMA II, four ALS, two SBMA, one MD | Speller systems | P300 |
| Escolano et al., 2010 | One participant | ALS | Web browsers | P300 |
| Mugler et al., 2010 | 13 participants (10 able-bodied and 3 people with motor impairment participants) | ALS | Web browsers | P300 |
| Münßinger et al., 2010 | 26 participants (20 able-bodied and three people with motor impairment) | ALS | Paint application | P300 |
| Mauro et al., 2011 | Eight participants (four able-bodied and four people with motor impairment) | ALS | Control of external devices | P300 |
| Nam et al., 2012 | 18 participants (nine able-bodied and nine people with motor impairment) | Three ALS, six CP | Speller systems | P300 |
| Pires et al., 2012 | 14 participants | Five CP, one DMD, one SCI, seven ALS | Control of external devices | P300 |
| Zickler et al., 2011 | Seven participants (four people with motor-impairment and 3 AT experts) | One ALS, one SMA III, three DMD | Web browsers | P300 |
| Zickler et al., 2013 | Four participants | Two ALS, one stroke, one DMD | Paint application | P300 |
| Corralejo et al., 2014 | 15 participants | Six Spastic CP, one A-CM, two SCI, three TBI, one MS, one Neurofibromatosis and severe kyphoscoliosis, one Extrapyramidal syndrome, dystonia and parkinsonism | Control of external devices | P300 |
| Scherer et al., 2015 | 14 participants | Dystonic/Spastic CP | Speller systems | P300 |
| Holz et al., 2015 | Two participants | ALS | Paint application | P300 |
| Jeon and Shin, 2015 | Ten participants | SCI | Speller systems | P300 |
| Schettini et al., 2015 | Eight people with motor impairment participants | ALS | Speller systems | P300 |
| Riccio et al., 2015 | 11 participants (eight able-bodied and three people with motor impairment) | Two Stroke, one ALS | Speller systems | P300 |
| McCane et al., 2015 | 28 participants (14 people with motor impairment and 14 able-bodied) | ALS | Speller systems | P300 |