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. 2018 Feb 1;9:44. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00044

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Copyright © 2018 Bhat, Kamencic, Körnig, Shahina and Dahms.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Time lapse AFM-QI^TM images show inhibition of cell division, changes to cell elasticity and changes to surface adhesion. QI^TM elasticity maps of the surface of live E. coli show no significant change in envelope elasticity during normal cell division (B,D), however, there was a dramatic decrease in Young’s modulus after a 16 min exposure to 1 mM 2,4-D (F), which further decreased after 50 min (H). (A,C,E,G) Show corresponding topography. Plot (I) shows a decrease in elasticity as a function of time during 2,4-D exposure (p < 0.0001, n > 2000) and plot (J) shows a significant increase in adhesion (p < 0.0001, n > 2000) after 20 min, with no subsequent significant change.