Table 4.
Factors associated with prior HIV testing among young MSM in Myanmar (bivariate and multivariate logistic regression using individualized weight for dependent variable with robust standard errors adjusting for clustered sampling), N = 546
| Independent variables | Ever tested for HIV | Tested for HIV in the past 6 months | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)a | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)c | |
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
| Education | ||||
| Primary or lower (ref) | 1.0 | ‐ | 1.0 | ‐ |
| Middle or high school | 0.98 (0.49 to 1.98) | ‐ | 0.97 (0.51 to 1.85) | ‐ |
| University or graduate | 0.89 (0.41 to 1.96) | ‐ | 0.83 (0.40 to 1.71) | ‐ |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Myanmar (ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Other | 3.93 (1.49 to 10.4)d | 4.79 (0.80 to 28.7) | 2.24 (1.11 to 4.53)d | 1.76 (0.58 to 5.37) |
| Religion | ||||
| Buddhist (ref) | 1.0 | ‐ | 1.0 | ‐ |
| Other | 1.48 (0.67 to 3.29) | ‐ | 0.99 (0.50 to 1.93) | ‐ |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single (ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Committed to a men as married | 2.78 (1.34 to 5.77)d | 2.68 (0.78 to 9.18) | 2.02 (1.13 to 3.64)d | 1.78 (0.77 to 4.11) |
| Currently/formally married to a woman | 1.49 (0.56 to 3.94) | 2.31 (0.52 to 10.2) | 0.72 (0.31 to 1.65) | 1.14 (0.29 to 4.39) |
| Occupation | ||||
| Unemployed (ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Professional | 2.76 (1.56 to 4.87)d | 1.37 (0.59 to 3.15) | 1.89 (1.15 to 3.11)d | 1.07 (0.54 to 2.15) |
| Non‐professional | 1.08 (0.67 to 1.74) | 1.55 (0.71 to 3.35) | 1.14 (0.71 to 1.81) | 1.44 (0.76 to 2.74) |
| Sexual identity | ||||
| Tha‐nge (non gay‐identified, insertive) (ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Apwint (gay‐identified, receptive) | 8.25 (4.53 to 15.0)d | 3.11 (1.21 to 8.04) d | 3.71 (2.38 to 5.77)d | 1.22 (0.59 to 2.51) |
| Apone (non gay‐identified, receptive) | 3.93 (1.85 to 8.33)d | 1.96 (0.89 to 4.34) | 3.16 (1.70 to 5.90)d | 1.96 (0.92 to 4.20) |
| Sexual risk behaviours | ||||
| Number of male sexual partner in the past 12 monthsa | ||||
| 1 to 2 (ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| ≥3 | 2.09 (1.38 to 3.17)d | 2.28 (1.21 to 4.32) d | 2.63 (1.77 to 3.93)d | 2.69 (1.59 to 4.56) d |
| Having sex with other men/women for money in past 30 days | ||||
| Yes | 1.55 (0.86 to 2.80)e | 0.79 (0.34 to 1.82) | 1.55 (0.93 to 2.60)e | 1.03 (0.52 to 2.07) |
| No (ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Having any unprotected vaginal/anal sex acts in the past 30 days | ||||
| Yes | 1.25 (0.80 to 1.94) | ‐ | 1.13 (0.76 to 1.69) | ‐ |
| No (ref) | 1.0 | ‐ | 1.0 | ‐ |
| Substance use | ||||
| Drinking alcohol | ||||
| ≥2 times per week | 0.36 (0.19 to 0.69)d | 0.78 (0.33 to 1.82) | 0.32 (0.17 to 0.61)d | 0.58 (0.25 to 1.38) |
| ≤4 times per month | 0.74 (0.47 to 1.16) | 1.36 (0.65 to 2.84) | 0.66 (0.44 to 0.99)d | 0.85 (0.48 to 1.53) |
| Never (ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Using drugb in past 12 months | ||||
| Yes | 1.01 (0.64 to 1.59) | ‐ | 0.78 (0.51 to 1.19) | ‐ |
| No (ref) | 1.0 | ‐ | 1.0 | ‐ |
| History of violence and sexual abuse because of sexual orientation | ||||
| Experienced violence in the past 12 months | ||||
| Yes | 1.44 (0.85 to 2.45) | ‐ | 1.31 (0.83 to 2.09) | ‐ |
| No (ref) | 1.0 | ‐ | 1.0 | ‐ |
| Experienced sexual abuse in the past 12 months | ||||
| Yes | 1.06 (0.56 to 1.97) | ‐ | 1.37 (0.77 to 2.47) | ‐ |
| No (ref) | 1.0 | ‐ | 1.0 | ‐ |
| Psychosocial factors | ||||
| Disclose sexual orientation to others | ||||
| Yes | 1.64 (1.07 to 2.49)d | 0.84 (0.45 to 1.60) | 1.72 (1.15 to 2.56)d | 1.04 (0.61 to 1.78) |
| No (ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Reported high self‐efficacy (Feeling confident to locate a place and confident to get tested for HIV) | ||||
| Yes | 21.6 (11.6 to 40.5)d | 13.5 (6.0 to 30.1) d | 25.3 (11.2 to 57.2)d | 9.81 (4.27 to 22.6) d |
| No (ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Access to HIV education and use of health service programme | ||||
| Had visit and received non‐HIV heath related services from a clinic or a drop‐in centre in the past 12 months | ||||
| Yes | 29.5 (17.0 to 51.1)d | 13.2 (6.85 to 25.6) d | 16.2 (10.2 to 25.7)d | 7.15 (4.08 to 12.5) d |
| No (ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Had contact with peer educator in the past 12 months | ||||
| Yes | 7.43 (4.68 to 11.8)d | 1.53 (0.77 to 3.03) | 5.68 (3.83 to 8.43)d | 1.42 (0.82 to 2.46) |
| No (ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Have good HIV‐related knowledge | ||||
| Yes | 1.97 (1.28 to 3.03)d | 1.96 (1.11 to 3.44) d | 2.08 (1.40 to 3.09)d | 1.77 (1.08 to 2.89) d |
| No (ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Reported Having STI symptoms in the past 12 months | ||||
| Yes | 1.06 (0.61 to 1.86) | ‐ | 1.15 (0.70 to 1.90) | ‐ |
| No (ref) | 1.0 | ‐ | 1.0 | ‐ |
Bold values indicate factors significantly associated with prior HIV testing in multivariate analysis.
MSM, men who have sex with men.
a
Including regular, non‐regular and commercial sex partners
b
Including illicit drug use and injecting drug
c
Multivariate model includes only variables that were associated with outcomes of interest in bivariate analysis at level of p ≤ 0.1
d
p < 0.05.
e
p ≤ 0.1.