Table 1.
Demographic, sexual behaviour and health‐related characteristics of cases and controls
| Controls (achieved TLA) N (%) | Cases (did not achieve TLA) N (%) | Odds ratioa | LRTb p‐value, 95% confidence interval | Adjusted odds ratioc | LRTb p‐value, 95% confidence interval | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | ||||||
| Genderd | ||||||
| Male | 151 (41) | 132 (40) | ||||
| Female | 220 (59) | 201 (60) | ||||
| Demographic and socio‐economic characteristics | ||||||
| Age category | ||||||
| 18 to 24 years | 36 (10) | 32 (10) | 1 | 0.86 | 1 | 0.60 |
| 25 to 34 years | 129 (35) | 118 (35) | 1.04 | 0.60 to 1.80 | 1.05 | 0.59 to 1.89 |
| 35 to 44 years | 115 (31) | 110 (33) | 1.08 | 0.61 to 1.89 | 1.08 | 0.60 to 1.95 |
| ≥45 years | 92 (25) | 73 (22) | 0.91 | 0.50 to 1.63 | 0.82 | 0.45 to 1.52 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Never married | 48 (13) | 55 (16) | 1 | 0.48 | 1 | 0.27 |
| Currently married | 215 (58) | 184 (55) | 0.75 | 0.46 to 1.21 | 0.77 | 0.45 to 1.32 |
| Previously marriede | 109 (29) | 94 (28) | 0.75 | 0.44 to 1.28 | 0.63 | 0.35 to 1.12 |
| Educational attainment | p trend 0.11f | |||||
| Primary (Grade 0 to 7) | 183 (49) | 153 (46) | 1 | 0.76 | 1 | 0.21 |
| Junior secondary (Grade 8 to 9) | 94 (25) | 84 (25) | 1.09 | 0.75 to 1.58 | 1.15 | 0.77 to 1.72 |
| Senior secondary (Grade 10 to 12)/higher education | 94 (25) | 96 (29) | 1.22 | 0.83 to 1.78 | 1.45 | 0.96 to 2.19 |
| Employment | ||||||
| None | 181 (49) | 166 (50) | 1 | 0.42 | 1 | 0.41 |
| Casual/seasonal/occasional | 61 (16) | 60 (18) | 1.12 | 0.71 to 1.75 | 1.18 | 0.74 to 1.89 |
| Self employed | 67 (18) | 64 (19) | 1.12 | 0.73 to 1.73 | 1.22 | 0.77 to 1.92 |
| Formal wage | 63 (17) | 43 (13) | 0.75 | 0.47 to 1.19 | 0.79 | 0.49 to 1.29 |
| SES (PCAg of HH factors & assetsh) | ||||||
| Lower | 181 (49) | 176 (53) | 1 | 0.27 | 1 | 0.43 |
| Higher | 191 (51) | 157 (47) | 0.84 | 0.61 to 1.15 | 0.87 | 0.63 to 1.22 |
| Sexual behaviour | ||||||
| No of lifetime sexual partners | p trend 0.06f | |||||
| 1 | 33 (9) | 47 (14) | 1 | 0.02 | 1 | 0.04 |
| 2 to 5 | 221 (60) | 192 (58) | 0.57 | 0.34 to 0.93 | 0.55 | 0.33 to 0.92 |
| 6 to 9 | 49 (13) | 48 (14) | 0.59 | 0.30 to 1.13 | 0.56 | 0.28 to 1.10 |
| ≥10 | 68 (18) | 45 (14) | 0.40 | 0.21 to 0.75 | 0.38 | 0.19 to 0.74 |
| Self‐assessment of sexual risk (“My sexual behaviour (incl. partner(s) I have had), has put me at risk of getting HIV”) | ||||||
| Low | 180 (49) | 181 (55) | 1 | 0.08 | 1 | 0.13 |
| High | 191 (51) | 151 (45) | 0.75 | 0.55 to 1.03 | 0.77 | 0.55 to 1.08 |
| HIV and health factors | ||||||
| Has HIV status been disclosed to anyone | ||||||
| N | 38 (10) | 74 (22) | 1 | <0.001 | 1 | <0.001 |
| Y | 334 (90) | 259 (78) | 0.39 | 0.25 to 0.59 | 0.39 | 0.25 to 0.60 |
| HIV & ART status of spouse/main partneri (in last 12 m) | ||||||
| No sexual partner in last 12 m/partner HIV status not known or reported HIV negative | 214 (58) | 204 (61) | 1 | 0.002 | 1 | 0.005 |
| HIV positive partner not on ART | 20 (5) | 37 (11) | 1.96 | 1.10 to 3.49 | 2.02 | 1.11 to 3.66 |
| HIV positive partner on ART | 138 (37) | 92 (28) | 0.70 | 0.50 to 0.98 | 0.72 | 0.51 to 1.03 |
| Had participant linked to care prior to referral by CHiP | ||||||
| Not linked prior to CHiP | 280 (75) | 274 (82) | 1 | 0.04 | 1 | 0.09 |
| Linked prior to CHiP but not in care when referred | 29 (8) | 21 (6) | 0.70 | 0.38 to 1.28 | 0.79 | 0.42 to 1.47 |
| Linked prior to CHiP and in care when referred (not self‐reported on ART) | 63 (17) | 38 (11) | 0.59 | 0.38 to 0.92 | 0.60 | 0.38 to 0.96 |
| Most recent CD4‐count | ||||||
| 0 to 350 | 60 (16) | 34 (10) | 1 | <0.001 | 1 | <0.001 |
| 351 to 500 | 44 (12) | 18 (5) | 0.72 | 0.36 to 1.46 | 0.69 | 0.33 to 1.43 |
| ≥501 | 53 (14) | 34 (10) | 1.17 | 0.63 to 2.16 | 1.17 | 0.62 to 2.20 |
| Not done/don't know CD4‐count | 215 (58) | 247 (74) | 2.21 | 1.37 to 3.58 | 1.94 | 1.18 to 3.21 |
| Health in last 12 m | ||||||
| Not been unwell | 269 (72) | 225 (68) | 1 | 0.33 | 1 | 0.18 |
| Unwell, not hospitalized | 63 (17) | 71 (21) | 1.35 | 0.91 to 2.04 | 1.46 | 0.97 to 2.21 |
| Unwell and hospitalized | 40 (11) | 37 (11) | 1.07 | 0.66 to 1.74 | 1.19 | 0.72 to 1.99 |
| AUDIT score | ||||||
| Audit score ≤7 | 253 (68) | 226 (68) | 1 | 0.85 | 1 | 0.73 |
| Audit score ≥8 | 119 (32) | 107 (32) | 1.03 | 0.73 to 1.45 | 1.07 | 0.74 to 1.54 |
Values in italics are p‐values, values in bold (with or without italics) indicate statistically significant values.
A priori adjusted for gender and community to reflect sampling strategy.
Likelihood ratio test.
Multivariable model a priori including gender, community, age category as well as demographic/behavioural factors which were associated with case/control status (i.e. whether CHiP was known to participant prior to PopART to home‐visit, whether HIV status has been disclosed, whether partner is HIV positive and on ART, and lifetime number of sexual partners).
One participant (control) with missing gender data.
Previously married = separated/divorced/widowed.
p‐value for test for tend.
Principal components analysis.
HH factors detailed house structure, water, sanitation, electricity and cooking fuel used; assets listed were: working cell‐phone, bicycle, motorcycle or scooter, car/bakkie, electricity to house, television set, fridge/freezer, radio, computer/laptop, CD or MP3 player, stereo/cassette/other music player, “none of the above.”
Participant's own definition of “main partner.”