Table 3.
Participants’ perceptions of advantages and disadvantages of initiation of timely treatment
| Controls (achieved TLA) N (%) | Cases (did not achieve TLA) N (%) | Odds ratioa | LRTb p‐value, 95% confidence interval | Adjusted odds ratioc | LRTb p‐value, 95% confidence interval | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Individual level factors encouraging initiation of timely treatment (“Did any of the following encourage you start ART?”) | ||||||
| “For my health even though I don't feel unwell” | ||||||
| N | 96 (26) | 127 (38) | 1 | <0.001 | 1 | <0.001 |
| Y | 275 (74) | 206 (62) | 0.54 | 0.39 to 0.75 | 0.53 | 0.38 to 0.75 |
| Recommended by HCW (CHiP/clinic staff) | ||||||
| N | 35 (9) | 55 (17) | 1 | 0.005 | 1 | 0.02 |
| Y | 336 (91) | 278 (83) | 0.52 | 0.33 to 0.82 | 0.56 | 0.34 to 0.91 |
| To protect partner from getting HIV | ||||||
| N | 189 (51) | 188 (56) | 1 | 0.11 | 1 | 0.19 |
| Y | 182 (49) | 145 (44) | 0.78 | 0.58 to 1.06 | 0.81 | 0.58 to 1.12 |
| “I know someone/others who are well on ART and want to be on it too” | ||||||
| N | 142 (38) | 155 (47) | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | 0.08 |
| Y | 229 (62) | 178 (53) | 0.67 | 0.48 to 0.92 | 0.74 | 0.53 to 1.03 |
| Individual level factors discouraging initiation of timely treatment (“Did any of the following discourage you from starting ART?”) | ||||||
| “I was worried someone would find out about my HIV because of taking treatment/going to the clinic” | ||||||
| N | 278 (75) | 232 (70) | 1 | 0.1 | 1 | 0.15 |
| Y | 93 (25) | 101 (30) | 1.33 | 0.95 to 1.86 | 1.30 | 0.91 to 1.87 |
| “I was/am not ready to take ART” | ||||||
| N | 285 (77) | 196 (59) | 1 | <0.001 | 1 | <0.001 |
| Y | 86 (23) | 137 (41) | 2.42 | 1.73 to 3.38 | 2.25 | 1.58 to 3.21 |
| “I don't think the treatment works so there is no point in starting” | ||||||
| N | 333 (90) | 285 (86) | 1 | 0.12 | 1 | 0.16 |
| Y | 38 (10) | 48 (14) | 1.44 | 0.91 to 2.29 | 1.42 | 0.87 to 2.30 |
| “I don't like the idea of taking life‐long treatment” | ||||||
| N | 288 (78) | 234 (70) | 1 | 0.03 | 1 | 0.05 |
| Y | 83 (22) | 99 (30) | 1.48 | 1.04 to 2.09 | 1.44 | 1.00 to 2.07 |
| Stigmatizing attitudes which may affect initiation of timely treatment | ||||||
| “People living with or thought to be living with HIV are verbally insulted, harassed and/or threatened” | p trend 0.27d | |||||
| Strongly disagree | 46 (12) | 34 (10) | 1 | 0.17 | 1 | 0.08 |
| Disagree | 76 (20) | 83 (25) | 1.47 | 0.85 to 2.53 | 1.64 | 0.92 to 2.92 |
| Agree | 137 (37) | 133 (40) | 1.28 | 0.76 to 2.15 | 1.30 | 0.76 to 2.23 |
| Strongly agree | 113 (30) | 83 (25) | 0.95 | 0.55 to 1.63 | 0.95 | 0.54 to 1.66 |
| “I have felt ashamed because of my HIV status” | p trend 0.007d | |||||
| Strongly disagree | 118 (32) | 86 (26) | 1 | 0.02 | 1 | 0.05 |
| Disagree | 139 (37) | 106 (32) | 1.10 | 0.74 to 1.64 | 1.20 | 0.78 to 1.84 |
| Agree | 59 (16) | 74 (22) | 1.83 | 1.12 to 2.98 | 1.82 | 1.10 to 3.03 |
| Strongly agree | 56 (15) | 67 (20) | 1.70 | 1.06 to 2.72 | 1.71 | 1.05 to 2.79 |
| “I have been excluded from social gatherings or activities because I have HIV” | p trend 0.16d | |||||
| Strongly disagree | 162 (44) | 134 (40) | 1 | 0.73 | 1 | 0.30 |
| Disagree | 187 (50) | 177 (53) | 1.14 | 0.82 to 1.59 | 1.31 | 0.94 to 1.89 |
| Strongly agree/agree | 23 (6) | 22 (7) | 1.13 | 0.59 to 2.16 | 1.40 | 0.71 to 2.76 |
ART, antiretroviral treatment; LRT, likelihood ratio testing.
Values in italics are p‐values, values in bold (with or without italics) indicate statistically significant values.
A priori adjusted for gender and community to reflect sampling strategy.
Likelihood ratio test.
Multivariable model a priori including gender, community, age category as well as demographic/behavioural factors which were associated with case/control status (i.e. whether CHiP was known to participant prior to PopART to home‐visit, whether HIV status has been disclosed, whether partner is HIV positive and on ART, and lifetime number of sexual partners).
There were very few responses in the “strongly agree” and “agree” categories for this question, responses are therefore grouped as shown to be more meaningful/increase power.
p‐value for test for trend.