Table 2.
Factors associated with time to treatment failure during the first‐line ART
| n = 1806 | VFa | Combined clinical endpointb | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate, HR (95% CI), p | Multivariate, HR (95% CI), p | Univariate, HR (95% CI), p | Multivariate, HR (95% CI), p | |||
| Model 1‐1 | Model 1‐2 | Model 2‐1 | Model 2‐2 | |||
| Age at starting ART (years) | ||||||
| <30 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 30 to 39 | 0.63 (0.47 to 0.83), 0.001 | 0.69 (0.49 to 0.99), 0.04 | 0.69 (0.49 to 0.99), 0.04 | 0.73 (0.58 to 0.92), 0.007 | 0.77 (0.56 to 1.04), 0.08 | 0.77 (0.56 to 1.04), 0.09 |
| ≥40 | 0.64 (0.42 to 0.98), 0.039 | 0.71 (0.41 to 1.22), 0.21 | 0.70 (0.41 to 1.21), 0.20 | 1.09 (0.80 to 1.48), 0.60 | 1.02 (0.67 to 1.58), 0.94 | 1.02 (0.66 to 1.57), 0.94 |
| Male sex | 1.11 (0.84 to 1.47), 0.45 | 0.79 (0.51 to 1.24), 0.31 | 0.83 (0.55 to 1.25), 0.38 | 1.41 (1.10 to 1.81), 0.007 | 0.85 (0.57 to 1.25), 0.40 | 0.88 (0.61 to 1.27), 0.50 |
| Injection drug use | 1.44 (1.11 to 1.88), 0.006 | 1.15 (0.71 to 1.87), 0.57 | 1.62 (1.29 to 2.02), <0.001 | 1.15 (0.76 to 1.73), 0.51 | ||
| HBs antigen | 0.64 (0.40 to 1.01), 0.058 | 0.58 (0.31 to 1.05), 0.07 | 0.58 (0.31 to 1.06), 0.07 | 0.73 (0.50 to 1.05), 0.09 | 0.78 (0.49 to 1.20), 0.26 | 0.78 (0.50 to 1.21), 0.28 |
| Anti‐HCV antibodies | 1.42 (1.09 to 1.87), 0.01 | 1.53 (0.95 to 2.46), 0.08 | 1.64 (1.06 to 2.12), 0.015 | 1.60 (1.27 to 2.02), <0.001 | 1.62 (1.09 to 2.43), 0.02 | 1.74 (1.24 to 2.44), 0.001 |
| AIDS before ART | 1.00 (0.70 to 1.43), 0.99 | 1.08 (0.81 to 1.46), 0.60 | ||||
| Baseline CD4 count (/mm3) | ||||||
| <100 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 100–199 | 1.03 (0.73 to 1.45), 0.87 | 0.99 (0.69 to 1.42), 0.95 | 0.99 (0.69 to 1.43), 0.97 | 0.90 (0.67 to 1.22), 0.52 | 0.91 (0.66 to 1.26), 0.58 | 0.92 (0.66 to 1.27), 0.60 |
| ≥200 | 0.56 (0.34 to 0.93), 0.03 | 0.63 (0.37 to 1.07), 0.09 | 0.63 (0.37 to 1.07), 0.09 | 0.58 (0.38 to 0.88), 0.011 | 0.74 (0.47 to 1.15), 0.18 | 0.72 (0.47 to 1.15), 0.18 |
| NRTI | ||||||
| AZT + 3TC or FTC | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| d4T + 3TC or FTC | 1.35 (1.03 to 1.78), 0.03 | 1.39 (1.01 to 1.97), 0.06 | 1.40 (0.99 to 1.97), 0.06 | 1.38 (1.09 to 1.74), 0.007 | 1.51 (1.12 to 2.03), 0.007 | 1.51 (1.12 to 2.04), 0.006 |
| TDF + 3TC or FTC | 0.80 (0.48 to 1.34), 0.40 | 1.16 (0.62 to 2.18), 0.65 | 1.15 (0.61 to 2.16), 0.66 | 0.87 (0.57 to 1.34), 0.63 | 0.94 (0.55 to 1.58), 0.80 | 0.93 (0.55 to 1.57), 0.78 |
| NNRTI | ||||||
| NVP | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| EFV | 0.72 (0.55 to 0.96), 0.025 | 0.77 (0.52 to 1.14), 0.20 | 0.77 (0.52 to 1.14), 0.19 | 1.00 (0.80 to 1.26), 0.99 | ||
HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; ART, antiretroviral therapy; HBs antigen, hepatitis B surface antigen; HCV, hepatitis C virus; NRTI, nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors; AZT, zidovudine; d4T, stavudine; TDF, tenofovir; 3TC, lamivudine; FTC, emtricitabine; NNRTI, non‐nucleoside reverse‐transcriptase inhibitors; NVP, nevirapine; EFV, efavirenz VF, virologic failure.
VF was defined as the first episode of a viral load of ≥1000 copies/ml after the initiation of ART.
The combined clinical endpoint was defined as the first episode of either VF, death, loss to follow‐up, or switching to a salvage regimen. Factors with a p < 0.1 in the univariate model were included in the multivariate models. Confidence intervals that did not overlap the null value of (HR = 1) are shown in bold.