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. 2018 Feb 8;9:190. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00190

Table 1.

Immunothrombotic activity of DAMPs released after trauma and sepsis.

DAMP Molecular classification PRR Coagulation activity Pathologic plasma levels Reference
Formyl peptide Mitochondrial protein FPR1 Unknown Unknown (12)
nDNA Nucleic acid TLR9, AIM2 Inhibits plasmin-mediated fibrin degradation 181,303 kilogenome equivalents/L (1315)
mtDNA Nucleic acid TLR9 Activates intrinsic coagulation pathway 2–3 µg/mL (12, 16)
Heparan sulfate Glycosaminoglycan TLR4 Activates antithrombin 180 ng/mL (1719)
Histone Nuclear protein TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, and NLRP3 Unknown 10–230 µg/mL (20, 21)
HMGB1 Nuclear protein TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, RAGE Inhibits protein C, upregulates TF expression 57–526 ng/mL (22, 23)
Hyaluronan Glycosaminoglycan TLR2, TLR4, and NLRP3 Unknown Unknown (24)
S100 Cytosolic protein TLR2, TLR4, and RAGE Promotes thrombus formation Unknown (25, 26)
Uric acid Metabolic breakdown component of purine nucleotides NLRP3 Unknown Unknown (27)

DAMPs, damage-associated molecular patterns; PRR, pattern recognition receptor; FPR1, formyl-peptide receptor 1; nDNA, nuclear DNA; TLR, toll-like receptor; NLRP3, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine rich repeat and pyrin domain containing 3; HMGB1, high-mobility group box 1 protein; RAGE, receptor for advanced glycation end products; TF, tissue factor.