Table 1.
Immunothrombotic activity of DAMPs released after trauma and sepsis.
| DAMP | Molecular classification | PRR | Coagulation activity | Pathologic plasma levels | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formyl peptide | Mitochondrial protein | FPR1 | Unknown | Unknown | (12) |
| nDNA | Nucleic acid | TLR9, AIM2 | Inhibits plasmin-mediated fibrin degradation | 181,303 kilogenome equivalents/L | (13–15) |
| mtDNA | Nucleic acid | TLR9 | Activates intrinsic coagulation pathway | 2–3 µg/mL | (12, 16) |
| Heparan sulfate | Glycosaminoglycan | TLR4 | Activates antithrombin | 180 ng/mL | (17–19) |
| Histone | Nuclear protein | TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, and NLRP3 | Unknown | 10–230 µg/mL | (20, 21) |
| HMGB1 | Nuclear protein | TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, RAGE | Inhibits protein C, upregulates TF expression | 57–526 ng/mL | (22, 23) |
| Hyaluronan | Glycosaminoglycan | TLR2, TLR4, and NLRP3 | Unknown | Unknown | (24) |
| S100 | Cytosolic protein | TLR2, TLR4, and RAGE | Promotes thrombus formation | Unknown | (25, 26) |
| Uric acid | Metabolic breakdown component of purine nucleotides | NLRP3 | Unknown | Unknown | (27) |
DAMPs, damage-associated molecular patterns; PRR, pattern recognition receptor; FPR1, formyl-peptide receptor 1; nDNA, nuclear DNA; TLR, toll-like receptor; NLRP3, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine rich repeat and pyrin domain containing 3; HMGB1, high-mobility group box 1 protein; RAGE, receptor for advanced glycation end products; TF, tissue factor.