Table 1.
Patient and Hospital Factors According to Use of Anticoagulation During Sepsis
| Characteristic | Valuea | P Valueb | Standardized Differencec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anticoagulation (13 611 [35.3%]) | No Anticoagulation (24 971 [64.7%]) | |||
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 73.2 (11.7) | 75.8 (11.7) | <.001 | −0.227 |
| Female sex | 6670 (49.0) | 12 936 (51.8) | <.001 | −0.056 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White | 10 340 (76.0) | 18 552 (74.3) | <.001 | 0.039 |
| Black | 960 (7.1) | 2221 (8.9) | −0.068 | |
| Hispanic | 112 (0.8) | 234 (0.9) | −0.012 | |
| Other | 2199 (16.2) | 3964 (15.9) | 0.008 | |
| Hospital characteristics | ||||
| Geographic location | ||||
| Northeast | 2085 (15.3) | 4511 (18.1) | .11 | −0.074 |
| Midwest | 2749 (20.2) | 4764 (19.1) | 0.028 | |
| South | 5897 (43.3) | 10 566 (42.3) | 0.021 | |
| West | 2880 (21.2) | 5130 (20.5) | 0.015 | |
| Teaching hospital | 5171 (38.0) | 9623 (38.5) | .78 | −0.011 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Prior bleeding | 930 (6.8) | 2845 (11.4) | <.001 | −0.159 |
| Prior ischemic stroke | 487 (3.6) | 829 (3.3) | .28 | 0.014 |
| Preexisting atrial fibrillation | 10 783 (79.2) | 20 277 (81) | .08 | −0.050 |
| Heart failure | 5712 (42.0) | 9792 (39.2) | <.001 | 0.056 |
| Type 1 or type 2 diabetes | 5130 (37.7) | 8734 (35.0) | .004 | 0.056 |
| Hypertension | 9561 (70.2) | 17 278 (69.2) | <.001 | 0.023 |
| Coronary heart disease or myocardial infarction | 4532 (33.3) | 7970 (31.9) | .07 | 0.029 |
| Chronic lung disease | 5862 (43.1) | 9268 (37.1) | <.001 | 0.122 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 3971 (29.2) | 8696 (34.8) | <.001 | −0.121 |
| Valvular heart disease | 2010 (14.8) | 3348 (13.4) | <.001 | 0.039 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1841 (13.5) | 3285 (13.2) | .28 | 0.011 |
| Cancer | 1540 (11.3) | 3786 (15.2) | <.001 | −0.114 |
| Dementia | 776 (5.7) | 1976 (7.9) | <.001 | −0.088 |
| CHA2DS2VASc score, mean (SD) | 3.4 (1.5) | 3.6 (1.5) | −0.083 | |
| Acute organ failure | ||||
| Total acute organ failures, No., mean (SD) | 1.9 (1.4) | 2.1 (1.4) | −0.146 | |
| Acute neurologic failure | 2046 (15.0) | 4256 (17.0) | .001 | −0.055 |
| Acute kidney failure | 7612 (55.9) | 15 814 (63.3) | <.001 | −0.151 |
| Acute respiratory failure | 5308 (39.0) | 9442 (37.8) | .08 | 0.024 |
| Acute circulatory failure | 5478 (40.2) | 10 895 (43.6) | <.001 | −0.067 |
| Acute hematologic failure | 1839 (13.5) | 4552 (18.2) | <.001 | −0.129 |
| Metabolic acidosis | 3296 (24.2) | 6756 (27.1) | .002 | −0.129 |
| Acute hepatic failure | 502 (3.7) | 1207 (4.8) | <.001 | −0.058 |
| Intensive care | 8692 (63.9) | 15 295 (61.3) | <.001 | 0.054 |
| Vasopressor use | 5084 (37.4) | 10 002 (40.1) | <.001 | −0.056 |
| Type of infection | ||||
| Pneumonia | 5537 (40.7) | 9012 (36.1) | <.001 | 0.095 |
| Gastrointestinal tract infection | 2040 (15.0) | 3892 (15.6) | .17 | −0.017 |
| Urinary tract infection | 4550 (33.4) | 9194 (36.8) | .46 | −0.071 |
| Skin or soft-tissue infection | 1315 (9.7) | 1766 (7.1) | <.001 | 0.094 |
| Primary bacteremia or fungemia | 153 (1.1) | 305 (1.2) | .52 | −0.009 |
| Attending specialty | ||||
| Internal medicine | 11 478 (84.3) | 21 257 (85.1) | <.001 | −0.022 |
| Surgery | 788 (5.8) | 1208 (4.8) | 0.042 | |
| Pulmonary or critical care | 1058 (7.8) | 2143 (8.6) | −0.030 | |
| Cardiology | 287 (2.1) | 363 (1.5) | 0.050 | |
| Year of service | −0.066 | |||
| 2010 | 2085 (15.3) | 3561 (14.3) | <.001 | |
| 2011 | 4789 (35.2) | 8122 (32.5) | ||
| 2012 | 4506 (33.1) | 8834 (35.4) | ||
| 2013 | 2231 (16.4) | 4454 (17.8) | ||
Abbreviation: CHA2DS2VASc, congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 y (doubled), type 1 or type 2 diabetes, stroke or transient ischemic attack or thromboembolism (doubled), vascular disease (prior myocardial infarction, peripheral artery disease, or aortic plaque), age 65–75 y, sex category (female).
Data are presented as number (percentage) of patients unless otherwise indicated.
P values derived from multivariable-adjusted models with all covariates except CHA2DS2VASc score and number of acute organ failures.
Standardized differences are measures of effect size calculated as the ratio between group difference and SD. A standardized difference greater than 0.1 is often considered to represent a potentially important imbalance between treatment groups.