Table 1.
Descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis for chronic pain patients; users and nonusers of health care service
| Pain ≥ 3 months n = 754 | Pain ≥ 3 months Not user of pain‐related health care n = 296 | Pain ≥ 3 months User of pain‐related health care n = 401 | P‐value | Women n = 435 | Men n = 307 | P‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predisposing factors | |||||||
| Age, mean (SD/n) | 47.23 (13.7/743) | 45.98 (13.5/294) | 48.06 (13.8/393) | 0.049 1 | 46.46 (13.9/433) | 48.37 (13.5/305) | 0.063 1 |
| Gender (%) | |||||||
| Women | 435 (57.7) | 169 (57.1) | 234 (58.4) | 0.759 2 | |||
| Men | 307 (40.7) | 122 (41.2) | 161 (40.8) | ||||
| Missing | 12 (1.6) | 5 (1.7) | 6 (1.5) | ||||
| Marital status (%) | |||||||
| Married/cohabit | 556 (73.7) | 222 (75.0) | 293 (73.1) | 0.528 2 | 328 (75.4) | 225 (73.3) | 0.493 2 |
| Single/Divorced/Widowed | 186 (24.7) | 69 (23.3) | 102 (25.4) | 105 (24.1) | 81 (26.4) | ||
| Missing | 12 (1.6) | 5 (1.7) | 6 (1.5) | 2 (0.5) | 1 (0.3) | ||
| Education (%) | |||||||
| Basic education (<11 years) | 222 (29.4) | 72 (24.3) | 135 (33.7) | 0.025 2 | 140 (32.2) | 81 (26.4) | 0.001 2 |
| Secondary school (11–14 years) | 302 (40.1) | 128 (43.2) | 147 (36.7) | 151 (34.7) | 147 (47.9) | ||
| University | 210 (27.9) | 89 (30.1) | 109 (27.9) | 138 (31.7) | 72 (23.5) | ||
| Missing | 20 (2.7) | 7 (2.4) | 10 (2.5) | 6 (1.4) | 7 (2.3) | ||
| Occupation (%) | |||||||
| Official/Administrator w/univ. degree | 161 (21.4) | 73 (24.7) | 79 (19.7) | 0.0222 | 103 (23.7) | 58 (18.9) | <0.001 2 |
| Office‐service/sales/front‐desk | 227 (30.1) | 96 (32.4) | 119 (29.7) | 161 (37.0) | 63 (20.5) | ||
| Unskilled work | 151 (20.0) | 56 (18.9) | 78 (19.5) | 31 (7.1) | 118 (38.4) | ||
| Disabled, pensioner, unemployed | 87 (11.5) | 21 (7.1) | 59 (14.7) | 55 (12.6) | 30 (9.8) | ||
| Student. Not in paid employment | 73 (9.7) | 31 (10.5) | 35 (8.7) | 55 (12.6) | 18 (5.9) | ||
| Missing | 55 (7.3) | 19 (6.4) | 31 (7.7) | 30 (6.9) | 20 (6.5) | ||
| Perceived causes of pain (%) | |||||||
| Rheumatism | 234 (31) | 68 (23.0) | 151 (37.7) | <0.001 2 | 143 (32.9) | 88 (28.7) | 0.223 2 |
| Fibromyalgia | 90 (11.9) | 26 (8.8) | 62 (15.5) | 0.009 2 | 75 (17.2) | 13 (4.2) | <0.001 2 |
| Myalgia/wear and tear | 380 (50.4) | 157 (53.0) | 218 (54.4) | 0.729 2 | 245 (56.3) | 131 (42.7) | <0.001 2 |
| Old trauma | 237 (31.4) | 82 (27.7) | 143 (35.7) | 0.026 2 | 137 (31.5) | 96 (31.3) | 0.948 2 |
| Heart‐ and circulatory problems | 38 (5.0) | 5 (1.7) | 32 (8.0) | <0.001 2 | 17 (3.9) | 20 (6.5) | 0.108 2 |
| Gastro‐intestinal problems | 97 (12.9) | 35 (11.8) | 61 (15.2) | 0.200 2 | 61 (14.0) | 34 (11.1) | 0.237 2 |
| Migraine | 63 (8.4) | 21 (7.1) | 40 (10.0) | 0.183 2 | 50 (11.5) | 12 (3.9) | <0.001 2 |
| No explanations | 48 (6.4) | 27 (9.1) | 18 (4.5) | 0.014 2 | 23 (5.3) | 23 (7.5) | 0.220 2 |
| Other causes 2 | 160 (21.2) | 57 (19.3) | 98 (24.4) | 0.104 2 | 93 (21.4) | 65 (21.2) | 0.946 2 |
| Enabling factors | |||||||
| Income (%) | |||||||
| <500 000 IKR per month | 398 (52.8) | 150 (50.7) | 216 (53.9) | 0.158 2 | 242 (55.6) | 153 (49.8) | 0.094 2 |
| ≥500 000 IKR or more per month | 307 (40.7) | 133 (44.9) | 153 (38.2) | 166 (38.2) | 136 (44.3) | ||
| Missing | 49 (6.5) | 13 (4.4) | 32 (8.0) | 27 (6.2) | 18 (5.9) | ||
| Access to health care for pain (very easy/easy) (%) | 395 (52.4) | 144 (48.6) | 246 (61.3) | 0.001 2 | 235 (54.0) | 155 (50.5) | 0.3422 |
| Residence (%) | |||||||
| Urban | 515 (68.3) | 208 (70.3) | 264 (65.8) | 0.216 2 | 299 (68.7) | 207 (67.4) | 0.706 2 |
| Rural | 239 (31.7) | 88 (29.7) | 137 (34.2) | 136 (31.3) | 100 (32.6) | ||
| Need factors | |||||||
| Pain severity NRS (0–10) | 3.45 (1.83/700) | 2.79 (1.66/283) | 3.92 (1.82/382) | <0.001 1 | 3.58 (1.85/401) | 3.22 (1.78/287) | 0.011 1 |
| Pain interference with life | 2.63 (2.20/643) | 1.65 (1.54/277) | 3.39 (2.33/357) | <0.001 1 | 2.71 (2.26/374) | 2.46 (2.09/257) | 0.157 1 |
| Pain pattern (%) | |||||||
| Constant pain | 225 (29.8) | 65 (22.0) | 144 (35.9) | <0.001 2 | 140 (32.2) | 83 (27.0) | 0.179 2 |
| Daily intermittent | 151 (20.0) | 42 (14.2) | 105 (26.2) | 93 (21.4) | 55 (17.9) | ||
| Frequent intermittent | 196 (26.0) | 99 (33.4) | 88 (21.9) | 110 (25.3) | 82 (26.7) | ||
| Periodical | 133 (17.6) | 79 (26.7) | 50 (12.5) | 69 (15.9) | 63 (20.5) | ||
| Missing | 49 (6.5) | 11 (3.7) | 14 (3.5) | 23 (5.3) | 24 (7.8) | ||
| Spread – number of locations | 4.92 (3.58/752) | 4.20 (3.25/294) | 5.47 (3.75/401) | <0.001 1 | 5.50 (3.76/434) | 4.13 (3.20/307) | <0.001 1 |
| Physical component score | 45.1 (10.86/740) | 49.8 (8.73/287) | 41.6 (10.77/396) | <0.001 1 | 44.6 (11.29/427) | 46.1 (9.96/301) | 0.067 1 |
| Mental component score | 48.2 (11.78/744) | 49.1 (10.61/291) | 47.0 (12.74/396) | 0.021 1 | 47.6 (12.05/431) | 49.0 (11.34/301) | 0.128 1 |
1 T‐test comparing two means between user of pain‐related health care and nonuser of pain‐related health care.
2Chi‐square test between user of pain‐related health care and nonuser of pain‐related health care.
3Other causes e.g. discus prolapse, chronic pain after pregnancy/child birth, neurological diseases, physical handicap.