Table 2. . Rodent models for brain tumors.

Induction	Species/strain	Source	Pathology	Applications	Ref.
Cell line inoculation	C57BL/6	GL26 cells	GBM/ependymoblastoma	DC vaccines engineered to express IL-12. Treg depletion. Metronomic chemotherapy. Combined conditionally cytotoxic and immunostimulatory gene therapy	[1–5]
		GL26.1 cells	GBM/ependymoblastoma	Immunological checkpoint blockade. Antitumor DC vaccines + Treg blockade with anti-CD25 antibody. Peptide vaccinations + TGF-β neutralizing antibody	[6–10]
		CT-2A cells	Anaplastic astrocytoma	Genetically modified T cells targeting EGFRvIII and IL13Rα2	[11,12]
	VM-Dk	SMA-560 cells	Anaplastic astrocytoma	Overexpression of soluble CD70 ligand. Inhibition of TGF-β signaling. EGFRvIII CAR-modified T-cell therapy. Antitumor DC vaccines	[13–17]
	B6D2F1	4C8 cells	Oligodendroglioma, astrocytoma	Cationic liposome–DNA complexes. HSV vaccines encoding IL-12	[18,19]
Cell line inoculation	LEWIS	CNS-1 cells	GBM	Antitumor DC vaccines. TLR agonists. Metronomic chemotherapy. Combined conditionally cytotoxic and immunostimulatory gene therapy	[20–23]
	FISHER 344	F98 cells	GBM	Combined conditionally cytotoxic and immunostimulant gene therapy. Cellular vaccinations + GM-CSF. Upregulation of costimulatory molecules	[5,24,25]
		RG2 cells	Anaplastic astrocytoma	Gene therapy-mediated delivery of chemokines and cytokines. Metronomic chemotherapy	[26,27]
		9L cells	Gliosarcoma	Gene therapy-mediated delivery of proinflammatory cytokines. Tumor vaccination + TGF-β inhibition	[5,28,29]
Genetic engineering	GFAP-Cre	Lentiviral-mediated knock down of NF1 and p53	Mesenchymal GBM		[30]
	p53 KO	Lentiviral-mediated delivery of Ras and AKT	GBM		[31]
	C57BL/6FVB/nBalb/c	Sleeping beauty transposon plasmids encoding for NRAS, AKT, SV40-LgT, EGFRvIII, shp53	Grade III astrocytoma, GBM		[32,33]
	p53, Arf or Ink4a-Arf KO Gtv-a mice	RCAS-mediated delivery of PDGF	GBM/oligodendroglioma	TAM targeting with a CSF-1R inhibitor	[34,35]
	Ntva-a mice	RCAS-mediated delivery of PDGF, Ras and AKT	GBM		[36]
	Ink4a-Arf KO Gtv-a mice	RCAS-mediated delivery of Ras and AKT	GBM/gliosarcoma		[37]
Genetic engineering	Sprague Dawley	Retroviral-mediated delivery of PDGF	GBM		[38]
		Lentiviral-mediated delivery of PDGF, H-RAS, AKT	GBM		[39]

DC: Dendritic cell; GBM: Glioblastoma; HSV: Herpes simplex virus; RCAS: Retroviral vectors derived from the SR-A strain of Rous sarcoma virus; TAM: Tumor-associated microglia.