Table 1.

Characteristics of Articular Cartilage-derived Extracellular Vesicle (ACEV).

	Exosome	Matrix vesicles/Microvesicle	Apoptotic body
Origin	Endocytic pathway Autophagic pathway	Budding off/fusion from the Plasma membrane Autophagic pathway	Plasma membrane in apoptotic cell
Size	30–150 nm	100 – 1000 nm	100 nm <
Marker	CD9, CD63, CD81, Flotillin-1, Alix, Tsg101, LC3 etc. No specific markers
Content	mRNA, non-coding-RNA (microRNA etc), protein, lipid, DNA
Isolation method	Differential centrifugation/Density gradient centrifugation Commercial kit