Figure 10. . In vivo results of the combined no onset waveform that initiates block with a pure direct current depolarization ramp and then gradually mixes in the kilohertz frequency alternating current before terminating the direct current with another ramp.

The ramps prevent any onsets from the DC. A 7 mA 20 KHz sine wave was applied to the nerve which generated an onset (arrow) with a peak force of 13.5 N (top). The DC block threshold was determined to be -1.4 mA. A DC signal at this level was added to the KHFAC signal (bottom blue trace in each figure). This mitigation strategy reduced the onset peak force to 3.0 N (middle, arrows). The KHFAC signal was set to 7 mA and the ramp to DC and the ramp to recharge were increased. This further decreased the peak onset to 0.4 N (bottom). The CNOW mitigation successfully reduced the onset to 3% of the peak force compared with the KHFAC alone.

CNOW: Combined no onset waveform; DC: Direct current; KHFAC: Kilohertz frequency alternating current.