Figure 1.

Schematic of cell/bio-ink interactions that occur during pressure-driven bioprinting and can be quantified through simple assays. A. Cell sedimentation, which can lead to inhomogeneous cell distribution and needle clogging, is more likely to occur in sol phase bio-inks compared to gel phase bio-inks. B. When traveling through an extrusion needle, cells experience different types of flow profiles in different types of bioinks, which can lead to cell membrane damage and death. C. Different bio-inks often require different curing conditions, which can compromise cell viability through various mechanisms, for example from dehydration or exposure to crosslinking reagents.