Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics
| All Patients (n = 73) |
MFR ≥ 2.0 (n = 31) |
MFR < 2.0 (n = 42) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age, yrs | 64 ± 11 | 60 ± 11 | 68 ± 9* |
| Male, n (%) | 38 (52%) | 16 (52%) | 22 (52%) |
| Vital Signs | |||
| Resting heart rate, beats/min | 72 ± 13 | 66 ± 9 | 77 ± 14* |
| Resting systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 143 ± 26 | 134 ± 23 | 151 ± 26* |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 30.1 ± 7.9 | 29.5 ± 6.1 | 30.5 ± 9.0 |
| PET Indications | |||
| Chest discomfort, n (%) | 47 (64%) | 27 (87%) | 20 (48%)* |
| Dyspnea, n (%) | 11 (15%) | 6 (19%) | 5 (12%) |
| Arrhythmia/palpitations/syncope, n (%) | 20 (27%) | 13 (42%) | 7 (17%) |
| Preoperative evaluation, n (%) | 8 (11%) | 1 (3%) | 7 (17%) |
| Other, n (%) | 5 (7%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (12%)* |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 10 (14%) | 3 (10%) | 7 (17%) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 59 (81%) | 21 (68%) | 38 (90%)* |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 26 (36%) | 8 (26%) | 18 (43%) |
| Chronic kidney disease (GFR < 60 mL/min), n (%) | 25 (34%) | 4 (13%) | 21 (50%)* |
| Obesity (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2), n (%) | 30 (41%) | 12 (39%) | 18 (43%) |
| Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 16 (22%) | 4 (13%) | 12 (28%) |
| Medications | |||
| ACE Inhibitor or Angiotensin Receptor Blocker, n (%) | 20 (27%) | 8 (26%) | 12 (28%) |
| Beta Blocker, n (%) | 33 (45%) | 16 (52%) | 17 (40%) |
| Calcium Channel Blocker, n (%) | 18 (25%) | 4 (13%) | 14 (33%)* |
| Aspirin, n (%) | 35 (48%) | 14 (45%) | 21 (50%) |
| Nitrate, n (%) | 3 (4%) | 1 (3%) | 2 (5%) |
| Statin, n (%) | 33 (45%) | 13 (42%) | 20 (48%) |
| Loop Diuretic, n (%) | 11 (15%) | 4 (13%) | 7 (17%) |
| Thiazide Diuretic, n (%) | 5 (7%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (12%)* |
| Echocardiography | |||
| Ejection fraction, % | 63.6 ± 4.6 | 63.1 ± 3.3 | 63.9 ± 5.4 |
| Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, mm | 46.8 ± 5.2 | 47.1 ± 4.0 | 46.5 ± 6.0 |
| Left atrial end-systolic diameter, mm | 40.1 ± 6.0 | 38.9 ± 5.0 | 41.0 ± 6.7 |
| Left atrial end-systolic volume index, ml/m2 | 32.9 ± 11.3 | 28.9 ± 9.5 | 36.0 ± 11.8 |
| Relative wall thickness | 0.46 ± 0.1 | 0.41 ± 0.08 | 0.46 ± 0.12 |
| LV mass index, g/m2 | 91.6 ± 25.0 | 82.5 ± 25.4 | 98.3 ± 22.7 |
| E wave velocity, cm/s | 80.8 ± 27.0 | 74.0 ± 18.2 | 85.9 ± 31.4 |
| A wave velocity, cm/s | 83.1 ± 26.3 | 73.9 ± 19.1 | 89.8 ± 28.9 |
| Septal e′ velocity, cm/s | 7.2 ± 2.8 | 7.8 ± 2.8 | 6.8 ± 2.8 |
| Lateral e′ velocity, cm/s | 9.0 ± 3.4 | 10.0 ± 3.4 | 8.3 ± 3.3 |
| Average E/e′ | 11.2 ± 5.3 | 9.1 ± 2.7 | 12.8 ± 6.1* |
| TR velocity > 2.8 m/s | 14 (19%) | 3 (10%) | 11 (26%) |
| Normal diastolic function | 34 (46%) | 19 (61%) | 15 (36%)* |
| Indeterminate diastolic function | 26 (36%) | 9 (29%) | 17 (40%) |
| Diastolic dysfunction | 13 (18%) | 3 (10%) | 10 (24%)* |
| Global left atrial longitudinal strain, % | 28 ± 7 | 32 ± 7 | 25 ± 6* |
| Global left ventricular longitudinal strain, % | 16 ± 3 | 17 ± 2 | 16 ± 4 |
| Positron Emission Tomography | |||
| Resting myocardial blood flow, mL/min/g | 1.72 ± 0.56 | 1.38 ± 0.51 | 1.98 ± 0.46* |
| Stress myocardial blood flow, mL/min/g | 3.23 ± 0.90 | 3.53 ± 0.97 | 3.01 ± 0.80* |
| Myocardial flow reserve, stress/rest ratio | 2.02 ± 0.72 | 2.66 ± 0.60 | 1.55 ± 0.32* |
Continuous values expressed as mean ± one unit standard deviation.
Strain expressed as absolute value of percentage of longitudinal deformation.
Abbreviations: ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; MFR: myocardial flow reserve; PET: positron emission tomography.
*
p < 0.05 for comparison between MFR < 2.0 and ≥ 2.0.