Table 2.
Associations of sociodemographic characteristics and sums of urinary phthalate metabolites (nmol/g creatinine): geometric means and 95% confidence intervals.
| Characteristic | ΣLMWP | ΣHMWP | ΣDEHP | ΣDBP | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | GM | LL | UL | GM | LL | UL | GM | LL | UL | GM | LL | UL | |
| Race | |||||||||||||
| Hispanic | 108 | 493.5 | 399.5 | 609.5 | 243.9 | 206.3 | 288.5 | 90.2 | 77.3 | 105.1 | 119.6 | 103.7 | 137.8 |
| NH white | 256 | 320.1 | 279.1 | 367.2 | 206.9 | 185.6 | 230.7 | 66.5 | 60.1 | 73.4 | 85.1 | 77.6 | 93.3 |
| NH African American | 53 | 555.7 | 411.1 | 751.2 | 229.6 | 180.8 | 291.6 | 85.8 | 68.8 | 106.9 | 115.9 | 94.7 | 141.9 |
| Other | 29 | 559.9 | 372.5 | 841.5 | 235.3 | 170.3 | 325.1 | 88.5 | 65.9 | 119.1 | 103.9 | 79.1 | 136.7 |
| p-value | <0.01 | 0.39 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |||||||||
| Age, yrs | |||||||||||||
| ≤29 | 247 | 432.1 | 374.8 | 498.1 | 236.2 | 211 | 264.3 | 83.6 | 75.2 | 93.0 | 108.5 | 99.1 | 118.8 |
| >29 | 199 | 350.6 | 299.1 | 411 | 201.2 | 178.3 | 227 | 65.9 | 59.1 | 73.4 | 84.7 | 75.8 | 94.6 |
| p-value | 0.05 | 0.05 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |||||||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | |||||||||||||
| <25 | 239 | 386.6 | 332.9 | 449 | 203.6 | 182 | 227.7 | 67.2 | 60.3 | 74.8 | 87.0 | 79.0 | 95.9 |
| ≥25 | 207 | 401.9 | 345.7 | 467.2 | 240.3 | 212.8 | 271.4 | 85.6 | 77.0 | 95.2 | 110.3 | 99.6 | 122.2 |
| p-value | 0.71 | 0.04 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |||||||||
| Education | |||||||||||||
| ≤High school | 133 | 446.5 | 364.9 | 546.4 | 240.3 | 208 | 277.6 | 94.7 | 82.8 | 108.2 | 113.2 | 100.4 | 127.5 |
| ≥Some college | 313 | 373.1 | 329.4 | 422.6 | 211.7 | 191.5 | 234.1 | 68.2 | 62.2 | 74.7 | 91.1 | 83.5 | 99.3 |
| p-value | 0.13 | 0.15 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |||||||||
| Income | |||||||||||||
| ≤$40,000 | 113 | 401.3 | 333 | 483.6 | 222.2 | 187.5 | 263.4 | 84.7 | 72.9 | 98.5 | 108.5 | 94.0 | 125.1 |
| >$40,000 | 250 | 347 | 301.2 | 399.7 | 208.2 | 186.6 | 232.2 | 64.6 | 58.4 | 71.5 | 84.3 | 76.6 | 92.8 |
| p-value | 0.22 | 0.52 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |||||||||
| Marital status | |||||||||||||
| Married | 283 | 357.5 | 313.5 | 407.6 | 212.8 | 191.9 | 236 | 69.5 | 63.1 | 76.4 | 91.0 | 83.1 | 99.6 |
| Not married | 161 | 460.9 | 385 | 551.7 | 232.9 | 202.7 | 267.7 | 85.7 | 75.5 | 97.3 | 108.3 | 96.6 | 121.5 |
| p-value | 0.02 | 0.30 | <0.01 | 0.01 | |||||||||
| Employment status | |||||||||||||
| Employed | 290 | 370.4 | 325.2 | 422 | 231.6 | 208.1 | 257.8 | 71.2 | 64.6 | 78.5 | 90.0 | 82.4 | 98.4 |
| Not employed | 156 | 440.7 | 367.1 | 529.1 | 199.6 | 175.9 | 226.4 | 83.2 | 73.6 | 93.9 | 111.9 | 99.5 | 125.9 |
| p-value | 0.12 | 0.07 | 0.05 | <0.01 | |||||||||
| Gestational age at urine sample collection, wks | |||||||||||||
| 20–27 | 242 | 378.6 | 330.7 | 433.4 | 204.6 | 184.3 | 227.1 | 72.4 | 65.6 | 80.0 | 93.7 | 85.2 | 103.0 |
| ≥28 | 204 | 412.2 | 348.4 | 487.8 | 239.4 | 210.1 | 272.9 | 78.5 | 69.7 | 88.6 | 101.4 | 91.1 | 113.0 |
| p-value | 0.43 | 0.06 | 0.30 | 0.27 | |||||||||
| Time of day urine collection | |||||||||||||
| Morning | 432 | 395.5 | 354.8 | 440.8 | 219 | 201.5 | 238 | 75.3 | 69.6 | 81.3 | 96.7 | 90.0 | 103.9 |
| Afternoon | 8 | 453 | 226 | 908 | 253.2 | 121.8 | 526.3 | 78.7 | 54.7 | 113.1 | 161.5 | 101.2 | 257.8 |
| p-value | 0.66 | 0.65 | 0.78 | 0.03 | |||||||||
| Previous pregnancies | |||||||||||||
| None | 168 | 415 | 349 | 493.3 | 230.3 | 202.3 | 262.2 | 73.8 | 65.1 | 83.7 | 99.3 | 89.1 | 110.6 |
| Any amount | 278 | 381.3 | 333.2 | 436.3 | 213.8 | 192.1 | 237.9 | 76.0 | 69.0 | 83.7 | 95.9 | 87.3 | 105.3 |
| p-value | 0.44 | 0.38 | 0.71 | 0.63 | |||||||||
| Smoking status | |||||||||||||
| None | 420 | 391 | 350.7 | 435.9 | 224 | 205.7 | 244 | 76.0 | 70.2 | 82.2 | 97.7 | 90.8 | 105.1 |
| Any amount | 26 | 439.1 | 265.7 | 725.6 | 162.4 | 119.6 | 220.5 | 63.4 | 47.5 | 84.5 | 89.0 | 62.7 | 126.2 |
| p-value | 0.64 | 0.04 | 0.22 | 0.59 | |||||||||
| Child sex | |||||||||||||
| Girl | 206 | 409.3 | 345.6 | 484.8 | 235.5 | 208.7 | 265.7 | 81.5 | 72.5 | 91.7 | 103.5 | 93.4 | 114.7 |
| Boy | 240 | 380.6 | 332.8 | 435.3 | 207.3 | 185.1 | 232.1 | 70.1 | 63.5 | 77.5 | 92.0 | 83.4 | 101.6 |
| p-value | 0.50 | 0.12 | 0.05 | 0.10 | |||||||||
ΣLMWP (sum of low molecular weight phthalates: MMP, MEP, MiBP, MBP, MHiBP, and MHBP)
ΣDBP (sum of di-n-butyl phthalate metabolites: MBP, MiBP, MHBP, and MHiBP)
ΣHMWP (sum of high molecular weight phthalates: MBzP, MEHP, MNP, MEOHP, MEHHP, MECPP, MCOP, MCNP)
ΣDEHP (sum of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites (MEHP, MEOHP, MEHHP, and MECPP)
N indicates sample size; GM indicates geometric mean; LL indicates lower limit; UL indicates upper limit; NH indicates non-Hispanic
Satterthwaite p-value from t-tests presented for dichotomous variables. Overall F-test p-values from ANOVA presented for race/ethnicity.
Abbreviations: mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP), monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), mono carboxyisononyl phthalate (MCNP), mono carboxyisooctyl phthalate (MCOP), mono-3-carboxypropyl phthalate (MCPP), mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate (MECPP), mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate (MEHHP), mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate (MEOHP), monoethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-hydroxybutyl phthalate (MHBP), mono-hydroxyisobutyl phthalate (MHiBP), mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), monomethyl phthalate (MMP), and mono-isononyl phthalate (MNP).