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. 2018 Feb 13;8:2929. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-21227-x

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Representation of normalized height vs. absolute energetic position of the Ti-K pre-peak. The grey areas indicate which combination of absolute position and normalized height is indicative for ^[4]Ti, ^[5]Ti and ^[6]Ti. [redrawn from ref.²⁹]. The triangles, squares and diamonds show predicted normalized height vs. absolute position – values for compositions of ^[4]Ti + ^[6]Ti, ^[4]Ti + ^[5]Ti, ^[5]Ti + ^[6]Ti with different ratios of the respective composition [see ref.²⁹]. The analyzed TiO₂ powder standard is apparently 6-fold coordinated, as expected. (b) Spectrum of the TiO₂ powder reference, the average absorption coefficient for energies greater than 5050 eV is set as “1”, and the spectral data is normalized to that value.