Table 1.

Potential cell types in vascular calcification.

Cell types	Source/location	Ref.
SMCs	Resident	Speer et al. (2009), Tintut et al. (1998), and Speer et al. (2009)
SMC progenitors	Resident	Kramann et al. (2016) and Bardeesi et al. (2017)
Endothelial progenitors	Resident	Wirrig and Yutzey (2014) and Yao et al. (2015)
Circulating stem cells progenitors	Circulating	Cho et al. (2013) and Hu et al. (2003)
HSCs	Circulating	Cianciolo et al. (2016), Nakahara et al. (2017), and Sata et al. (2002)
MSCs	Circulating	Liao et al. (2012)
Pericytes	Resident	Canfield et al. (2000), Davaine et al. (2014), Bardeesi et al. (2017), and Kirton et al. (2006)
Adventitial cells	Resident	Tigges et al. (2013), Kramann et al. (2016), and Bussolati et al. (2017)