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. 2018 Feb 13;8:2927. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-21258-4

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Illustration of the two-stage TRMCP focusing procedure. (a,b) Hologram recording stage: sample and reference beams interfere, with a camera to record the interference patterns when the magnetically controlled microsphere is at Location 1 and 2, respectively. The Light field difference ΔE is computed and stored. (c) Hologram playback stage: the playback beam (identical to the reference beam) is modulated by the SLM with a phase pattern ΔE^* (the conjugate of ΔE), generating a phase conjugation copy of ΔU. The new light travels back to the scattering medium, albeit tortuously, and converges to the point of origin—the magnetically controlled moving microsphere.