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. 2018 Feb 13;8:2902. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-21335-8

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Quality of spermatozoa. Analyses performed in unseparated mouse and human spermatozoa (control –in humans this is the sample obtained after removing seminal plasma by centrifugation), after swim-up, or after selection by thermotaxis. (a) Representative image of SCGE in which fragmented DNA appears as a tail migrated from the nucleus (head) of the spermatozoa in response to electrophoresis. (b and c) Percentages of fragmented DNA determined using alkaline (mouse) or neutral (human) SCGE (mean ± SEM, n = 5 for mouse and n = 8 for human, 50–100 spermatozoa per determination). Different letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.001 two–way ANOVA). (d and e) Histograms showing the distributions of % of fragmented DNA in individual spermatozoa in each sample (n = 5 for mouse and n = 8 for human, 400–750 spermatozoa per histogram). (f and g) Chromatin compaction assessed through chromomycin A3 (CMA3) (n = 4, 50–100 spermatozoa per determination). Different letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.01 two–way ANOVA).