Figure 7.

Patients’ average clinical costs in the past 12 months against the average number of chronic diseases. The balls were formed by 16 common disease subgroups under the very low risk (blue balls) and very high risk (yellow balls) categories, respectively. The ball size indicates the proportion of the disease subgroup under this risk category. The 16 chronic diseases were prehypertension, cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes, lipid disorders, chronic kidney disease (CKD), chronic nephritis, depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), liver disorders, cancer, anemia, hypokalemia, idiopathic hypersomnia, and hyposmolality or hyponatremia. Reference groups consisted of patients with no diagnosis of any above chronic diseases.