Pre-transfer of GRA15II-RAW264.7 cells evoked Th1-associated immunity to schistosome infection. (a) The relative mRNA expression levels of Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ and TNF-α) were increased and Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) were reduced in spleen lymphocytes from GRA15II-RAW264.7 mice. Parallel results were noted by ELISA in the pooled mouse serum and spleen lymphocyte supernatant samples (b). No significant difference was observed among mice injected with PBS, RAW264.7 cells and LV-RAW264.7 cells (*P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, n=5). ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.