Table 1.

Descriptive Statistics of Variables Included in the PSM Models

Variable		Frequency	Mean/percent
Family background indicators
Region of birth	Scotland, Northern Ireland and North	2650	36.7
	Midlands and Wales	1631	22.7
	South West	506	7.1
	South East and East	2416	33.5
Social class at birth	V + IV unskilled and partly‐skilled	1433	19.9
	III manual	3145	43.7
	III non manual	1092	15.2
	I + II managerial, technical, professional	1525	21.2
Parent's marital status and timing of birth	not married	384	5.4
	married prior to conception	6153	86.8
	married after conception	551	7.8
Age mother finished education	14 years old or younger	428	6.0
	15 or 16 years old	5295	74.0
	17 years old or older	1435	20.0
Age of mother at first birth	<20	1610	22.5
	20‐24	3665	51.2
	25 and over	1885	26.3
Smoking behavior of mother during pregnancy	non smoker	3154	44.0
	stopped smoking before or during pregnancy	1280	17.9
	smoked during pregnancy	2734	38.1
Respondent's birth order	first child	2573	35.8
	second or next child	4624	64.2
Parent's place of birth	both parents born in the UK	6356	90.0
	at least one parent born outside the UK	710	10.0
Living with biological parents at age of 10	no	939	14.7
	yes	5459	85.3
Housing tenure (age 10)	owner occupier	4289	67.4
	public rented	1681	26.4
	other	391	6.2
Educational aspirations and cognitive development
Respondent's plan to continue education	no	1766	53.4
	yes	1115	33.7
	don't know	425	12.9
Math test score at age 10	Math test score	5790	45.5 (11.8)
Vocabulary Test score at age 16	Standardized Vocabulary Test score	2772	0.1 (1.0)
Psychological measures
Rutter behavior score	Index of behavior difficulties, derived using 19‐item Rutter Behavior Scale questions	4132	4.1 (3.8)
LAWSEQ	Scale of self‐esteem with reference to teachers, peers and parents and consisted of 10 items	2799	15.2 (3.4)
CARALOC	Locus of control scale, measures children's perceived achievement control, consisting of 19 items	2632	9.9 (3.0)
Malaise score	Scale to measure signs of psychological distress, based on Malaise Inventory	3048	9.0 (5.3)
Norms and attitudes
Importance of religion in parental home	no religion	303	9.5
	not important	1874	59.0
	quite important	726	22.8
	very important	276	8.7
Importance of parental opinion	opinion of both parents important	3019	90.4
	opinion of only one parent important	218	6.5
	opinion of none of the parents important	104	3.1
Nothing wrong with sex before marriage	agree fully	1842	60.7
	agree partly	898	29.6
	disagree	295	9.7