Table 1.
Five Commonly Reported Damage-associated Molecular Patterns, Their Reported Receptors, Studies of Preclinical Models of Critical Illness, and Studies of Human Cohorts of Critical Illness
| DAMP | Receptor(s) | Nonhuman Studies | Human Studies |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mitochondrial DNA | TLR9 (39) and AIM2 (22) | Sepsis (22) | Sepsis (23, 56) |
| Trauma (52) | Trauma (51, 57–60) | ||
| ALI (52, 55) | Cardiac arrest (63) | ||
| Shock (153) | |||
| Burn (154) | |||
| Nuclear DNA | TLR9 (39) | Sepsis (138) | Sepsis (49, 50) |
| Trauma (52) | Trauma (53) | ||
| Cardiac arrest (61, 62) | |||
| Burn (155) | |||
| HMGB1 | TLR2 (67), TLR4 (67, 156), TLR9 (69), and RAGE (10) | Sepsis (66, 71) | Sepsis (10, 72, 73) |
| Trauma (74) | Trauma (74–77) | ||
| ALI (156, 157) | VILI (78) | ||
| Cardiac arrest (158) | Cardiac arrest (79, 160) | ||
| Burn (159) | Burns (161) | ||
| Heat shock proteins | TLR2 (162), TLR4 (162), SREC-1 (163), CD91 (164), and CD14 (165) | Sepsis (86–89) | Sepsis (91–93) |
| Trauma (166) | Trauma (96) | ||
| Shock (95) | Cardiac arrest (97) | ||
| ALI (167) | ALI (168) | ||
| S100 Proteins | TLR4 (100, 101) and RAGE (41) | Sepsis (107, 108) | Sepsis (109, 110) |
| Trauma (103, 104) | Trauma (111, 112) | ||
| ALI (169) | ALI (113–115) | ||
| Cardiac arrest (18, 116, 117) | |||
| Histones | TLR2 (120, 121), TLR4 (120, 121),TLR9 (119), and NLPR3 (122) | Sepsis (124) | Sepsis (125, 126) |
| Trauma (123) | Trauma (123) | ||
| ALI (123) | ALI (123) | ||
| Cardiac arrest (170) |
Definition of abbreviations: AIM2 = absent in melanoma 2; ALI = acute lung injury; DAMP = damage-associated molecular pattern; HMGB1 = high-mobility group box 1; NLPR3 = nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine rich repeat and pyrin domain containing 3; RAGE = receptor for advanced glycation end-products; SREC-1 = scavenger receptor expressed by endothelial cells I; TLR = Toll-like receptor; VILI = ventilator-induced lung injury.