Table 3.
Estimated Odds of Hypertension Controlling for the Race, Concentrated Poverty, and Racial Composition of Neighborhood and Race–Racial Composition of Neighborhood (Race–Place).
| Base model | Race–place model | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
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|
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| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Race | ||||
| White | Ref | Ref | — | — |
| Black | 3.45 | [2.20, 5.39] | — | — |
| Neighborhood concentrated poverty | 1.21 | [0.87, 1.68] | 1.20 | [0.86, 1.68] |
| Neighborhood racial composition | ||||
| Predominantly White neighborhood | Ref | Ref | — | — |
| Predominantly Black neighborhood | 0.73 | [0.43, 1.23] | — | — |
| Predominantly Other race neighborhood | 1.02 | [0.48, 2.17] | — | — |
| Integrated neighborhood | 0.83 | [0.59, 1.15] | — | — |
| Race–place categories | ||||
| White in White neighborhood | — | — | Ref | Ref |
| White in Black neighborhood | — | — | 0.63 | [0.16, 2.57] |
| White in Other race neighborhood | — | — | 0.94 | [0.38, 2.36] |
| White in integrated neighborhood | — | — | 0.81 | [0.57, 1.14] |
| Black in Black neighborhood | — | — | 2.54 | [1.61, 4.00] |
| Black in White neighborhood | — | — | 2.56 | [1.24, 5.31] |
| Black in Other race neighborhood | — | — | 6.09 | [0.82, 45.31] |
| Black in integrated neighborhood | — | — | 3.23 | [1.73, 6.04] |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Male | 0.71 | [0.56, 0.90] | 0.71 | [0.56, 0.90] |
| Age (years) | 1.06 | [1.05, 1.08] | 1.06 | [1.05, 1.08] |
| Neighborhood type | ||||
| Nonurban neighborhood | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Urban neighborhood | 0.81 | [0.61, 1.09] | 0.81 | [0.61, 1.08] |
| Education | ||||
| Less than 9th grade | 0.75 | [0.52, 1.07] | 0.75 | [0.52, 1.07] |
| 9th–12th grade, no diploma | 0.82 | [0.47, 1.43] | 0.82 | 0.47, 1.43] |
| High school graduate | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Some college | 1.08 | [0.79, 1.48] | 1.09 | [0.80, 1.48] |
| College graduate or higher | 0.72 | [0.50, 1.04] | 0.72 | [0.50, 1.04] |
| Household poverty ratio | ||||
| Household poverty 4 or higher | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Household poverty 3–3.99 FPL | 0.99 | [0.64, 1.55] | 0.99 | [0.64, 1.54] |
| Household poverty 2–2.99 FPL | 1.47 | [0.94, 2.30] | 1.48 | [0.95, 2.31] |
| Household poverty 1–1.99 FPL | 1.18 | [0.85, 1.64] | 1.18 | [0.84, 1.65] |
| Household poverty below FPL | 1.44 | [0.91, 2.27] | 1.44 | [0.91, 2.26] |
| Insurance type | ||||
| Private insurance | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Medicare | 1.03 | [0.74, 1.43] | 1.03 | [0.74, 1.43] |
| Medicaid, SCHIP, other government insurance | 0.93 | [0.57, 1.54] | 0.93 | [0.57, 1.54] |
| No insurance | 0.69 | [0.40, 1.20] | 0.69 | [0.40, 1.20] |
| BMI categories | ||||
| Normal/underweight | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Overweight | 1.61 | [1.30, 1.98] | 1.60 | [1.30, 1.98] |
| Obese | 3.13 | [2.39, 4.08] | 3.12 | [2.39, 4.08] |
| Number of comorbidities | ||||
| 0 or 1 comorbid conditions | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 2 or more comorbid conditions | 1.94 | [1.25, 3.03] | 1.94 | [1.24, 3.02] |
Note. OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; FPL = federal poverty level; SCHIP=State Children’s Health Insurance Program; BMI = body mass index.