Table 2.
Relationships between variables of cooking oil fume exposure and the risk of chronic bronchitis among non-smoking women (N = 644)
| Variables | No pulmonary disease (N = 306) | Probably chronic bronchitis (N = 285) | Definite chronic bronchitis (N = 53) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | COR (95%CI) | AOR (95%CI)* | N (%) | COR (95%CI) | AOR (95%CI)* | |
| Smoking status | |||||||
| Non-smoker | 106 (34.6) | 79 (27.7) | 1 | 1 | 4 (7.6) | 1 | 1 |
| Second-hand smoker | 200 (65.4) | 206 (72.3) | 1.38 (0.97–1.96) | 1.42 (0.99–2.03) | 49 (92.5) | 6.49 (2.28–18.48) | 6.66 (2.31–19.20) |
| Cooked in the kitchen | |||||||
| No | 22 (7.2) | 13 (4.6) | 1 | 1 | 5 (9.4) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 284 (92.8) | 272 (95.4) | 1.62 (0.80–3.82) | 1.65 (0.80–3.43) | 48 (90.6) | 0.74 (0.27–2.06) | 0.73 (0.22–2.43) |
| Excluding no cook | |||||||
| Age stared cooking | |||||||
| > 22 years | 126 (44.4) | 132 (48.5) | 1 | 1 | 21 (43.8) | 1 | 1 |
| ≤ 22 years | 158 (55.6) | 140 (51.5) | 0.85 (0.61–1.18) | 0.86 (0.61–1.23) | 27 (56.3) | 1.03 (0.55–1.90) | 1.13 (0.58–2.20) |
| Meals per week | |||||||
| 1–13 | 85 (29.9) | 55 (20.2) | 1 | 1 | 5 (10.4) | 1 | 1 |
| 14–20 | 94 (33.1) | 84 (30.9) | 1.38 (0.88–2.16) | 1.52 (0.95–2.42) | 14 (29.2) | 2.53 (0.88–7.32) | 2.71 (0.84–8.14)§ |
| 21–31 | 105 (37.0) | 133 (48.9) | 1.96 (1.28–2.99) | 2.14 (1.36–3.36)† | 29 (60.4) | 4.69 (1.74–12.65) | 4.73 (1.65–13.53)† |
| Fuel used for cookinga | |||||||
| Gas/electric stove | 179 (63.0) | 152 (56.1) | 1 | 1 | 28 (58.3) | 1 | 1 |
| Biomass fuels | 67 (23.6) | 68 (25.1) | 1.20 (0.80–1.78) | 1.39 (0.85–2.26) | 12 (25.0) | 1.15 (0.55–2.38) | 1.15 (0.47–2.85) |
| Coal | 38 (13.4) | 51 (18.8) | 1.58 (0.99–2.54) | 1.83 (1.07–3.13)‡ | 8 (16.7) | 1.35 (0.57–3.18) | 1.36 (0.51–3.65)‡ |
| Windows in the home kitchenb | |||||||
| No | 15 (5.3) | 17 (6.4) | 1 | 1 | 6 (13.6) | 1 | 1 |
| ≥ 1 | 266 (94.7) | 247 (93.6) | 0.82 (0.40–1.68) | 0.80 (0.38–1.68) | 38 (86.4) | 0.36 (0.13–0.98) | 0.40 (0.14–1.16) |
| Ventilation in the home kitchenc | |||||||
| Poor | 14 (5.0) | 9 (3.3) | 1 | 1 | 6 (12.5) | 1 | 1 |
| Good | 269 (95.1) | 261 (96.7) | 1.51 (0.64–3.55) | 1.46 (0.61–3.50) | 42 (87.5) | 0.36 (0.13–1.00) | 0.35 (0.12–1.04) |
| Installed fume extractord | |||||||
| No | 122 (43.6) | 128 (48.3) | 1 | 1 | 25 (52.1) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 158 (56.4) | 137 (51.7) | 0.83 (0.59–1.16) | 0.75 (0.50–1.12) | 23 (47.9) | 0.71 (0.39–1.31) | 0.69 (0.34–1.43) |
| Eye irritation during cookinge | |||||||
| No | 241 (96.0) | 238 (96.0) | 1 | 1 | 42 (93.3) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 10 (4.0) | 10 (4.0) | 1.01 (0.41–2.48) | 1.05 (0.42–2.62) | 3 (6.7) | 1.72 (0.46–6.52) | 1.97 (0.48–8.01) |
| Smokiness during cookingf | |||||||
| No | 232 (92.1) | 226 (91.1) | 1 | 1 | 40 (88.9) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 20 (7.9) | 22 (8.9) | 1.13 (0.60–2.13) | 1.17 (0.61–2.24) | 5 (11.1) | 1.45 (0.52–4.09) | 1.36 (0.46–4.00) |
AOR adjusted OR; COR crude OR; OR odds ratio
*Adjusting for age, second hand smoke status, height, education level, burning incense, and tea consumption
†Trend test from 1 to 13, 14–20, to 21–31 meals per week in probably chronic bronchitis: p = 0.009; and in chronic bronchitis: p = 0.0023
‡Trend test from gas/electric stove, biomass fuels, to coal in probably chronic bronchitis: p = 0.025; and in chronic bronchitis: p = 0.544
§Trend test from no pulmonary disease, probably chronic bronchitis, to chronic bronchitis in 14–20 meals per week: p = 0.020; and in 21–31 meals per week: p < 0.0001
aMissing data, n = 1 (0,1,0). bMissing data, n = 15 (3,8,4). cMissing data, n = 3 (1,2,0). dMissing data, n = 11 (4,7,0). eMissing data, n = 60 (33,24,3). fMissing data, n = 59 (32,24,3)