Table 3.
Relationships between variables of cooking oil fume exposure and the severity of COPD according to GOLD criteria (N = 632)
| Variables | No COPD (N = 336) | Mild COPD (N = 223) | Moderate COPD (N = 73) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | COR (95%CI) | AOR (95%CI)* | N (%) | COR (95%CI) | AOR (95%CI)* | |
| Smoking status | |||||||
| Non-smoker | 108 (32.1) | 66 (29.6) | 1 | 1 | 11 (15.1) | 1 | 1 |
| Second-hand smoker | 228 (67.9) | 157 (70.4) | 1.13 (0.78–1.63) | 1.03 (0.70–1.52) | 62 (84.9) | 2.67 (1.35–5.27) | 2.98 (1.47–6.01) |
| Cooked in the kitchen | |||||||
| No | 24 (7.1) | 12 (5.4) | 1 | 1 | 2 (2.7) | 1 | 1 |
| Daily | 312 (92.9) | 211 (94.6) | 1.35 (0.66–2.76) | 1.07 (0.51–2.27) | 71 (97.3) | 2.73 (0.63–11.82) | 2.04 (0.46–9.18) |
| Excluding no cook | |||||||
| Age stared cooking | |||||||
| > 22 years | 139 (44.6) | 104 (49.3) | 1 | 1 | 33 (46.5) | 1 | 1 |
| ≤ 22 years | 173 (55.5) | 107 (50.7) | 0.83 (0.58–1.17) | 0.69 (0.47–1.00) | 38 (53.5) | 0.93 (0.55–1.55) | 0.87 (0.49–1.52) |
| Meals per weeka | |||||||
| 1–13 | 85 (27.2) | 45 (21.3) | 1 | 1 | 13 (18.3) | 1 | 1 |
| 14–20 | 100 (32.1) | 76 (36.0) | 1.44 (0.90–2.29) | 1.39 (0.86–2.25) | 15 (21.1) | 0.98 (0.44–2.18) | 0.85 (0.37–1.94) |
| 21–31 | 127 (40.7) | 90 (42.7) | 1.34 (0.85–2.10) | 1.23 (0.77–1.98) | 43 (60.6) | 2.21 (1.12–4.36) | 1.63 (0.80–3.33) |
| Fuel used for cookingb | |||||||
| Gas/electric stove | 194 (62.4) | 125 (59.2) | 1 | 1 | 33 (46.5) | 1 | 1 |
| Biomass fuels | 74 (23.8) | 52 (24.6) | 1.09 (0.72–1.66) | 0.89 (0.54–1.49) | 21 (29.6) | 1.67 (0.91–3.07) | 0.87 (0.41–1.85) |
| Coal | 43 (13.8) | 34 (16.1) | 1.23 (0.74–2.03) | 1.12 (0.64–1.98) | 17 (23.9) | 2.32 (1.19–4.55) | 1.36 (0.63–2.97) |
| Windows in the home kitchenc | |||||||
| No | 22 (7.2) | 12 (5.9) | 1 | 1 | 4 (5.7) | 1 | 1 |
| ≥ 1 | 285 (92.8) | 192 (94.1) | 1.24 (0.60–2.56) | 1.31 (0.62–2.77) | 66 (94.3) | 1.27 (0.43–3.82) | 1.67 (0.54–5.20) |
| Ventilation in the home kitchend | |||||||
| Poor | 14 (4.5) | 8 (3.8) | 1 | 1 | 7 (9.9) | 1 | 1 |
| Good | 297 (95.5) | 201 (96.2) | 1.18 (0.49–2.88) | 1.18 (0.48–2.94) | 64 (91.0) | 0.43 (0.17–1.11) | 0.49 (0.19–1.30) |
| Installed fume extractore | |||||||
| No | 131 (42.7) | 99 (48.3) | 1 | 1 | 39 (54.9) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 176 (57.3) | 106 (51.7) | 0.80 (0.56–1.14) | 0.85 (0.55–1.29) | 32 (45.1) | 0.61 (0.36–1.03) | 1.01 (0.55–1.86) |
| Eye irritation during cookingf | |||||||
| No | 277 (97.5) | 174 (93.6) | 1 | 1 | 60 (93.8) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 7 (2.5) | 12 (6.5) | 2.73 (1.05–7.06) | 3.02 (1.14–8.00) | 4 (6.3) | 2.64 (0.75–9.30) | 1.96 (0.54–7.17) |
| Smokiness during cookingg | |||||||
| No | 267 (93.7) | 171 (91.9) | 1 | 1 | 52 (81.3) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 18 (6.3) | 15 (8.1) | 1.30 (0.64–2.65) | 1.22 (0.59–2.53) | 12 (18.8) | 3.42 (1.56–7.53) | 2.89 (1.28–6.55) |
AOR adjusted OR, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, COR crude OR, GOLD Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, OR odds ratio
*Adjusting for age, second hand smoke status, height, education level, burning incense and tea consumption
aMissing data, n = 10 (0,10,0). bMissing data, n = 11 (1,10,0). cMissing data, n = 13 (5,7,1). dMissing data, n = 3 (1,2,0). eMissing data, n = 11 (5,6,0). fMissing data, n = 60 (28,25,7). gMissing data, n = 59 (27,25,7)