Table 4.
Relationships between variables of cooking oil fume exposure and pulmonary function (absolute FEV1 level and FEV1/FVC (%)) in multiple linear regression models
| Variables | Adjusted analysis* | Adjusted analysis* | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | FEV1 (L) (mean ± SD) |
β (SE) | p-value | FEV1/FVC (%) (mean ± SD) |
β (SE) | p-value | |
| Smoking status | |||||||
| Non-smoker | 187 | 1.57 ± 0.44 | 1 | – | 87.24 ± 13.00 | 1 | – |
| Second-hand smoker | 450 | 1.57 ± 0.47 | −0.054 (0.033) | 0.108 | 81.73 ± 15.05 | −5.71 (1.27) | < 0.0001 |
| Cooked in the kitchen | |||||||
| No | 39 | 1.70 ± 0.46 | 1 | – | 88.15 ± 11.97 | 1 | – |
| Yes | 598 | 1.56 ± 0.46 | −0.07 (0.06) | 0.270 | 83.03 ± 14.80 | −4.84 (2.45) | 0.048 |
| Excluding no cook | |||||||
| Age stared cooking | |||||||
| > 22 years | 278 | 1.58 ± 0.46 | 1 | – | 82.03 ± 14.56 | 1 | – |
| ≤ 22 years | 320 | 1.55 ± 0.45 | 0.029 (0.032) | 0.374 | 83.90 ± 14.98 | 1.46 (1.23) | 0.235 |
| Meals per week | |||||||
| 1–13 | 145 | 1.69 ± 0.47 | 1 | – | 84.98 ± 14.08 | 1 | – |
| 14–20 | 192 | 1.58 ± 0.43 | −0.027 (0.042) | 0.525 | 84.81 ± 12.84 | 0.15 (1.61) | 0.927 |
| 21–31 | 261 | 1.47 ± 0.46 | −0.065 (0.041) | 0.111† | 80.64 ± 16.19 | −3.35 (1.55) | 0.031† |
| Fuel used for cooking | |||||||
| Gas/electric stove | 354 | 1.69 ± 0.44 | 1 | – | 83.46 ± 13.17 | 1 | – |
| Biomass fuels | 147 | 1.38 ± 0.41 | −0.036 (0.044) | 0.414 | 82.56 ± 16.19 | 1.18 (1.70) | 0.487 |
| Coal | 96 | 1.34 ± 0.42 | −0.103 (0.048) | 0.034‡ | 82.06 ± 18.06 | 0.60 (1.86) | 0.746 |
| Windows in the home kitchen | |||||||
| No | 38 | 1.59 ± 0.57 | 1 | – | 81.68 ± 16.11 | 1 | – |
| ≥ 1 | 546 | 1.56 ± 0.45 | − 0.122 (0.064) | 0.056 | 83.27 ± 14.75 | 0.75 (2.46) | 0.760 |
| Ventilation in the home kitchen | |||||||
| Poor | 29 | 1.42 ± 0.51 | 1 | – | 76.28 ± 16.45 | 1 | – |
| Good | 566 | 1.57 ± 0.46 | 0.103 (0.073) | 0.156 | 83.41 ± 14.67 | 5.89 (2.77) | 0.034 |
| Installed fume extractor | |||||||
| No | 271 | 1.41 ± 0.42 | 1 | – | 81.91 ± 15.90 | 1 | – |
| Yes | 316 | 1.69 ± 0.45 | 0.041 (0.037) | 0.261 | 83.89 ± 13.87 | 0.43 (1.41) | 0.759 |
| Eye irritation during cooking | |||||||
| No | 515 | 1.59 ± 0.45 | 1 | – | 82.92 ± 14.43 | 1 | – |
| Yes | 23 | 1.32 ± 0.62 | −0.158 (0.082) | 0.055 | 76.15 ± 22.16 | −5.34 (3.12) | 0.088 |
| Smokiness during cooking | |||||||
| No | 493 | 1.59 ± 0.44 | 1 | – | 83.33 ± 13.96 | 1 | – |
| Yes | 46 | 1.41 ± 0.57 | −0.137 (0.059) | 0.021 | 75.07 ± 21.08 | −7.67 (2.24) | 0.001 |
*Adjusting for age, height, second-hand smoking status, education level, burning incense and tea consumption
†Trend test from 1 to 13, 14–20, to 21–31 meals per week in FEV1: p = 0.100; in FEV1/FVE(%): p = 0.016
‡Trend test from gas/electric stove, biomass fuels, to coal in FEV1: p = 0.037