Table 3.
Studies on the improvement of survival of non‐sporulating, agriculturally relevant bacteria in different drying methods, considering protectants and additional relevant parameters
| Bacterial agent | Protectants | Other parameters | Drying | Parameters supporting viability in dry state | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azospirillum brasilense | Encapsulation in alginate, skimmed milk for release |
AD FD |
FD | (Bashan et al., 2002) | |
| Azospirillum brasilense | Cell flocculation | AD | Cell flocculation | (Joe et al., 2012) | |
| Azospirillum brasilense, Raoultella terrigena | Trehalose | Encapsulation in alginate, filler, gelling agent, growth stage at harvesting | AD |
Stationary phase Gelling agent CaCl2 for A. brasilense, calcium gluconate for R. terrigena Starch as filler Trehalose as protectant |
(Schoebitz et al., 2012) |
| Azospirillum lipoferum | Skimmed milk, starch, humic acid | Encapsulation in alginate | AD | 0.8% humic acid as protectant | (Reetha et al., 2014) |
| Bradyrhizobium japonicum | Skimmed milk‐sucrose | Shelf life (relative humidity, temperature) | SD | Storage at 4°C and low % relative humidity under vacuum or nitrogen atmosphere | (Mary et al., 1993) |
| Bradyrhizobium japonicum | Trehalose | Trehalose supply during growth vs. after harvesting | AD | Trehalose supply during growth | (Streeter, 2003) |
| Enterobacter sp., Serratia sp., Microbacterium sp., Pseudomonas sp., Achromobacter sp. | Skimmed milk | Consortia formulation | FD | Consortium with Pseudomonas sp. | (Barra et al., 2016) |
| Fluorescent Pseudomonas | Glycerol as carbon source, CMC as adhesive, inorganic carriers | AD | Vermiculite as carrier | (Sarma et al., 2011) | |
| Lysobacter capsici | Arabic gum, chitosan, CMC, corn steep liquor, gelatin, glycerol, molasses, paraffin, pinolene, polyacrylate, PEG, PVA, PVP, skimmed milk, alginate, sorbitol, starch, xanthan | Growth conditions, shelf life, UV protection, wash‐off | AD | PEG as desiccation protectant | (Segarra et al., 2015) |
| Methylobacterium oryzae, Methylobacterium suomiense, Azospirillum brasilense | Encapsulation in alginate, co‐aggregation | AD | Co‐aggregation with Methylobacterium oryzae | (Joe et al., 2014) | |
| Pantoea agglomerans | Trehalose, glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose, sodium glutamate, cytine, dextran, PEG, glycerol, NFSM | Cell load, rehydration media | FD | High initial cell load, sucrose as protectant, rehydration in NFSM | (Costa et al., 2000) |
| Pantoea agglomerans | MgSO4, NFSM, MgSO4‐NFSM | Rehydration media | SD |
MgSO4 or MgSO4‐NFSM as protectants Rehydration in NFSM |
(Costa et al., 2002a) |
| Pantoea agglomerans | Sucrose (different concentrations) | Cell load, rehydration media, storage conditions | FD | Rehydration in 1% NFSM, 10% sucrose as protectant, storage at 4°C in high barrier plastic bags under vacuum or in glass vials | (Costa et al., 2002b) |
| Pantoea agglomerans | MgSO4 (in SD), sucrose (in FD), starch (FBD) | Rehydration media |
FD SD FBD |
FD, rehydration in NFSM | (Soto‐Muñoz et al., 2015) |
| Paraburkholderia phytofirmans | Trehalose, sucrose, galactose, lactose, sorbitol, mannitol, glycerol, CMC, gelatin, arabic gum, Ficoll, humic acid, maize starch, maltodextrin, skimmed milk, DMSO, yeast extract, EPS | Storage temperature, inorganic carrier |
AD FD |
Air‐drying, skimmed milk as protectant, storage at 4°C | (Berninger et al., 2017) |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | EPS | Inorganic carrier | AD | EPS as protectant | (Tewari and Arora, 2014a,b) |
| Pseudomonas fluorescens | Lactose | Growth conditions (media, time, temperature, heat shock, pH change) | FD | Harvesting after 16 h, incubation at 25 or 30°C, mild heat shock at 35°C | (Bisutti et al., 2015) |
| Pseudomonas fluorescens | Glycine betaine | Osmoadaptation by NaCl addition to growth media | VD | Osmoadaptation (0.7 M NaCl) | (Bonaterra et al., 2007) |
| Pseudomonas fluorescens | Glycine betaine | Osmoadaptation, nutrient addition | AD | Osmoadaptation (0.7 M NaCl and 0.1 mM glycine betaine), addition of 50 mM glycine and 5 mM Tween 80 | (Cabrefiga et al., 2011) |
| Pseudomonas fluorescens | Lactose, skimmed milk, sucrose, starch, trehalose, lactose‐starch, skimmed milk‐starch, trehalose‐starch | Osmoadaptation | FD |
Osmoadaptation Lactose as protectant Storage at 4°C |
(Cabrefiga et al., 2014) |
| Pseudomonas fluorescens | Lactose | Mineral carriers, relative humidity at storage | AD | Mineral with low surface area supplemented with lactose as protectant | (Dandurand et al., 1994) |
| Pseudomonas fluorescens | Accelerated storage test | FD | Storage at 4°C | (Jean‐Noël et al., 2012) | |
| Pseudomonas fluorescens | Incubation procedure, nutrient amendment | FBD | Incubation on carrier, sucrose asparagine broth as amendment, slow drying | (Moënne‐Loccoz et al., 1999) | |
| Pseudomonas fluorescens | Glucose, fructose, trehalose, raffinose, stachyose | Inorganic carriers | AD | 20 g per l trehalose or fructose as protectants, Kenite® 700 or HYFLO® as carriers | (Schisler et al., 2016) |
| Pseudomonas fluorescens | EPS (marginalan) | AD |
EPS as protectant Storage at 4°C |
(Slininger et al., 2010a,b) | |
| Pseudomonas fluorescens, Enterobacter cloacae | For E. cloacae: lactose + bovine serum albumen, lactose, sucrose, fructose); for P. fluorescens: buffer, spent broth, sucrose, stachyose, raffinose, melezitose, trehalose, lactose | Growth media, growth stage, storage atmosphere and temperature | AD | Culture age 24–48 h if in buffer, 72–96 h if in spent broth; generally stachyose best protectant | (Slininger and Schisler, 2013) |
| Pseudomonas fluorescens‐putida | Hydrophilic silica (Sipernat®) | Encapsulation in Eudragit®, storage relative humidity | SD | Silica as protectant when stored at low relative humidity | (Amiet‐Charpentier et al., 1999) |
| Pseudomonas putida | Trehalose‐PVP, hydroxyectoine‐PVP | Osmoadaptation | VD | Osmoadaptation by 0.4 M NaCl in growth media, 1 M hydroxyectoine as protectant | (Manzanera et al., 2002) |
| Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas chlororaphis | Saccharose, lactose, lignosulfonic acid, glucose, skimmed milk, starch, CMC, nutrient broth, egg white albumen, egg yolk, lecithin, SPAN 60‐xanthan, SPAN 80‐xanthan, Na‐alginate, xanthan, Na‐glutamate, glycerol, bentonite, activated carbon, alkalic lignin | FD parameters (freezing rate, shelf temperature) | FD | Saccharose, lactose, skimmed milk as protectant; shelf temperature 20 –30°C | (Stephan et al., 2016) |
| Pseudomonas putida, Sphingomonas sp. | Sucrose, Ficoll, HEC, HPMC, PVA | FD | Sucrose and Ficoll as protectants | (Wessman et al., 2011) | |
| Pseudomonas trivialis | Sucrose and/or corn oil |
Mineral carriers Storage temperature |
AD | Sucrose‐corn oil as protectant, Pesta as carrier, storage at 4°C | (Mejri et al., 2013 ) |
| Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii | PVA, PVA‐canola oil, polyvinyl acetate latex | AD | Storage at 0.38–0.47 water activity, PVA‐canola oil as protectant at low water activity | (Deaker et al., 2012) | |
| Rhizobium leguminusarum bv. trifolii,Bradyrhizobium japonicum | Growth media | VD | Crude peat extract as culture media | (Casteriano et al., 2013) | |
| Rhizobium tropici, Ryhizobium etli | Trehalose, sucrose‐peptone | Storage temperature | FD | Trehalose as protectant, storage at 4°C | (Pereira et al., 2002) |
| Sinorhizobium meliloti | Cheese whey powder + sucrose + sorbitol | SD parameters (inlet temperature, drying rate, spray pressure, feed sample rate) | SD | Inlet temperature 105°C, air‐drying rate 0.56 m3 per min, spray pressure 0.07 MPa, feed flow rate 8 ml per min | (Rouissi et al., 2013) |
| Sinorhizobium meliloti, Bradyrhizobium elkanii, Bradyrhizobium japonicum | Growth stage, storage relative humidity | AD | Long‐term storage: lag phase for S. meliloti and B. elkanii, stationary phase for B. japonicum; 44% for B. elkanii, 44–68% for B. japonicum, 22–44% for S. meliloti | (Boumahdi et al., 1999) |
EPS, exopolysaccharide; CMC, carboxymethylcellulose; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide; PEG, polyethylene glycol; PVA, polyvinylalcohol; PVP, polyvinylpyrrolidone; RH, residual humidity; NFSM, non‐fat skimmed milk; FD, freeze‐drying; AD, air‐drying; SP, spray‐drying; VD, vacuum‐drying; FBD, fluidized bed‐drying.