Table 1.

Studies Comparing Technology-based Methods to Assess Illicit Drug Use, January 2016 – March 2017

Study Authors / Parent Study Name	Study Population and N	Study Objectives	Results
Linas et al (2016) [21]; Exposure Assessment in Current Time (EXACT)	Individuals with a history of intravenous drug use in Baltimore, Maryland who were enrolled in the AIDS Linked to the IntraVenous Experience (ALIVE) study 109 participants; Prevalence of HIV infection: 59% (n=64)	Agreement between self-reported real-time use of cocaine and/or heroin to A-CASI and biological methods (PharmChek) over the previous 30 days.	High agreement between EMA and two measures of frequently utilized measures of illicit drug-use were found: EMA and A-CASI Agreement Cocaine Use: 77% Heroin Use: 79% EMA and PharmChek Cocaine Use: 70% Heroin Use: 72%
Przybyla et al (2016) [22]	HIV positive individuals in Western New York with alcohol use (≥2 days) and ART nonadherence (≥1) in the previous week 27 participants	Assess feasibility of using app-based collection of substance use (marijuana) and adherence to ART over 2 weeks	Overall, high retention (n=26; 96%) was found among participants, and among those retained, compliance to daily reports was high (95.3%). The majority of participants were given a study-issued smartphone (n=14), while eight (31%) preferred to use their own smartphone. Participants found the daily reporting as moderately / very helpful (92%) and easy to use (84%).
Delker et al (2016) [28]; HealthCall	HIV-infected patients from two large HIV primary care clinics in New York City, New York. 233 participants	Agreement between interviewer-administered Time Line Follow-Back (TLFB) and self-administered computerized questions (A-CASI) on primary drug use frequency in the previous 30 days.	Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between TLFB and A-CASI was high (ICC = 0.80). Participants reported higher primary drug use days in the previous 30 days in A-CASI compared to TLFB (10.0 vs 8.72). Female gender, younger age, and non-Hispanic ethnicity was found to associated with increased self-reported primary drug use in A-CASI compared to TLFB.
Rowe et al (2016) [29]; Intermittent Naltrexone Among Polysubstance Users (Project iN)	Self-reported MSM who reported active meth use and binge-drinking living in San Francisco, CA. 30 participants; Prevalence of HIV infection: 40% (n = 12)[53]	Secondary analysis on concordance between EMA text messages responses and 14-day recall from audio computer-assisted self-interviews (A-CASI) on self-reported methamphetamine use, alcohol use, and binge alcohol use over 2 months.	Compared to A-CASI, self-reported methamphetamine use (20% vs 11%, p<0.001) and alcohol use (40% vs 35%; p = 0.001) were reported more frequently through daily EMA text messages.
Smiley et al (2017) [30];	African American gay and bisexual men aged 21 to 25 in the Washington DC metro area 25 participants; No HIV prevalence data reported	Assess feasibility of using EMA text-message (3 times per day) over 2 weeks to collect frequency of sexting, marijuana and alcohol use.	Overall, moderate retention (n = 18; 72%) was found among participants, including 5 participants with scheduling errors resulting in < 14 days of data collection, 1 participant with a lost phone, and 1 responded to no EMA surveys. Average number of days of observation was 10.64. Among all prompted surveys via text-message, compliance was 57.3%. Total time from survey prompt to survey completion was 6.1 minutes.