Table 2. Behavioral ethogram.

Behavior	Description
Association
Proximity	Any individual within the subject’s reach. Proximity during locomotion refers to an individual within the subject’s reach and moving in the same direction.
Affiliation
Allogroom	Picking through hair or at skin of another individual, removing debris with hands and/or mouth. Does not include pulling hair; the actor receives no grooming at the same time.
Play	Non-aggressive interactions involving two or more chimpanzees. Never accompanied by pilo-erection or agonism; may be accompanied by play-face and/or laughing. Includes rough-and-tumble play, quiet play, object play, self play, and social play initiation.
Simultaneous Groom	Picking through hair or at skin of another individual, removing debris with hands and/or mouth, while the other individual returns the same behaviors at the same time. Does not include pulling hair.
Other Affiliation	Any other affiliative behavior; may or may not involve contact.
Agonism
Displace	Approaching and taking the physical space of another individual.
Display	Aggressive behavior without any clear and identifiable recipient. May include pilo-erection, and such behaviors as beating on or moving inanimate objects, stomping, slapping, swaying, hooting, chest-beating, or running.
Fight	Reciprocal contact aggression that continues into a state.
Submission	Includes crouching, bobbing, fleeing, avoiding, fear grimacing, bared teeth creaming, and pant grunting.
Threat	Aggressive behaviors directed to another individual that do not include any physical contact. Includes lunge and rush.
Other Aggression	Aggressive behaviors that must involve some physical contact between individuals. Includes, wrestling, lunge, hit, grab, bite, and scratch. May include pilo-erection. Also including any other behaviors perceived as agonistic in nature.

This ethogram was modified from the Association of Zoos and Aquariums [50].