Fig 1. Fibroblasts promote migration and invasion of OSCC cells.

Transwell migration (A) and invasion (B) assays performed using cell-culture inserts. In the upper chamber, 2×10⁴ OSCC cells (HSC3, HO1-N-1) were seeded, and 1×10⁵ NHDFs were seeded into the lower well. After 48 h, the OSCC cells that had migrated or invaded into the lower surface of the upper chamber were stained and quantified. Representative images and graphs of 3 independent experiments are shown. ***p < 0.001 compared with control. Data represent means ± SEM.