Table 2. Head posture: Summary statistics of orientation angles (in DEG).
Pitch, yaw, and roll angles of each trial video sequence were summarized by their respective mean and range. For each dataset (BioVid, UNBC, and BP4D) and statistic (columns) we report mean and standard deviation, M (SD), of pain and control trials as well as the p-value of the respective analysis of variance (rows). Significant differences are highlighted in bold.
| Pitch angle | Yaw angle | Roll angle | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mean | range | mean | range | mean | range | |
| BioVid | ||||||
| Pain | 5.5 (0.2) | 8.4 (0.2) | -1.0 (0.2) | 8.1 (0.3) | -0.4 (0.1) | 3.5 (0.1) |
| No pain | 4.9 (0.2) | 5.0 (0.1) | 0.0 (0.2) | 5.9 (0.2) | -0.4 (0.1) | 2.4 (0.1) |
| p = 0.049 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.877 | p < 0.001 | |
| UNBC | ||||||
| Affected limb (pain) | 9.8 (0.7) | 16.8 (0.8) | 0.0 (0.7) | 15.6 (0.9) | 2.3 (0.5) | 11.9 (0.7) |
| Unaffected limb | 10.6 (0.7) | 13.4 (0.7) | 1.1 (1.0) | 17.2 (1.1) | 2.2 (0.5) | 10.8 (0.6) |
| p = 0.422 | p = 0.003 | p = 0.350 | p = 0.273 | p = 0.803 | p = 0.241 | |
| BP4D | ||||||
| T6 (Pain) | 3.9 (1.3) | 21.4 (2.3) | 1.0 (0.5) | 18.2 (1.8) | -0.6 (0.5) | 8.8 (1.1) |
| T1 (Amusement) | 2.8 (1.2) | 21.2 (1.8) | 1.0 (0.4) | 11.1 (1.3) | 0.4 (0.5) | 9.4 (1.3) |
| T2 (Sadness) | 3.3 (0.9) | 9.5 (1.8) | -3.4 (0.5) | 6.6 (0.7) | -1.3 (0.6) | 4.1 (0.5) |
| T3 (Surprise) | 3.3 (1.0) | 20.6 (2.2) | -2.6 (0.5) | 13.8 (2.3) | -0.5 (0.4) | 7.3 (0.9) |
| T4 (Embarrassment) | 3.0 (1.0) | 33.7 (3.1) | 1.1 (0.4) | 18.6 (2.3) | 0.0 (0.5) | 16.1 (2.2) |
| T5 (Fear) | 4.1 (1.3) | 25.2 (2.4) | 0.3 (0.5) | 14.9 (3.0) | -0.2 (0.4) | 8.6 (1.6) |
| T7 (Anger) | 2.9 (1.1) | 21.5 (1.8) | 2.7 (0.6) | 15.4 (1.6) | 0.0 (0.6) | 11.4 (1.0) |
| T8 (Disgust) | 4.9 (1.2) | 18.6 (2.1) | -0.8 (0.5) | 10.9 (1.5) | -0.2 (0.4) | 5.3 (0.7) |
| p = 0.890 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.359 | p < 0.001 | |
Pitch angle: positive / negative is lowered / raised head
Yaw angle: positive / negative is turned left / right
Roll angle: positive / negative is tilted right / left
mean: measures the central tendency of posture angles occurring during a trial
range: measures the difference between the most extreme posture angles during a trial and captures the variability of poses independently of the duration of their occurrence