Table 1. Baseline characteristics of survivors and non-survivors at one-year in the derivation cohort.
| Alive (n = 1077) |
Dead (n = 131) |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD) | 68.46 (16.71) | 79.71 (10.23) | <0.0001 |
| Sex, n (%) | 0.44 | ||
| Male | 698 (64.81%) | 90 (68.70%) | |
| Female | 379 (35.19%) | 41 (31.30%) | |
| Alcohol consumption (yes), n (%) | 58 (5.40%) | 5 (3.88%) | 0.67 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||
| Diabetes mellitus | 166 (15.50%) | 25 (19.38%) | 0.25 |
| COPD | 249 (23.18%) | 29 (22.48%) | 0.91 |
| Cancer | 59 (5.48%) | 17 (12.98%) | 0.0033 |
| CHF | 65 (6.04%) | 16 (12.21%) | 0.01 |
| CAD | 101 (9.40%) | 18 (13.95%) | 0.12 |
| CVD | 80 (7.43%) | 25 (19.08%) | <0.0001 |
| Dementia | 81 (7.53%) | 42 (32.56%) | <0.0001 |
| Renal failure | 72 (6.69%) | 15 (11.45%) | 0.07 |
| Physical examination | |||
| Altered mental status | 96(8.91%) | 35 (26.72%) | <0.0001 |
| Pulse ≥125 beats/min, n (%) | 108 (10.03%) | 8 (6.11%) | 0.21 |
| Respiratory rate ≥30 breaths/min, n (%) | 144 (13.37%) | 31 (23.66%) | 0.0035 |
| Systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg, n (%) | 46 (4.27%) | 6 (4.58%) | 0.82 |
| Temperature ≥40°C, n (%) | 4 (0.37%) | 0 (0%) | >.99 |
| Laboratory and X-ray findings | |||
| Glucose ≥250 mg/dL, n (%) | 91 (8.45%) | 11 (8.40%) | >.99 |
| Blood urea nitrogen >30 mg/dL, n (%) | 270 (25.07%) | 63 (48.09%) | <0.0001 |
| Sodium <130 mmol/L, n (%) | 69 (6.41%) | 10 (7.63%) | 0.57 |
| Haematocrit<30%, n (%) | 24 (2.23%) | 8 (6.11%) | 0.02 |
| PaO2<60 mmHg, n (%) | 458 (42.53%) | 76 (58.02%) | 0.0010 |
| pH<7.35, n (%) | 47 (4.36%) | 9 (6.87%) | 0.19 |
| Pleural effusion | 114 (10.58%) | 9 (6.87%) | 0.22 |
| Bilateral/multilobar | 233 (21.67%) | 33 (25.38%) | 0.37 |
| Previous antibiotic | 242 (22.51%) | 27 (20.61%) | 0.66 |
| Complications | |||
| ICU admission, n (%) | 53 (4.92%) | 1 (0.76%) | 0.02 |
| Need for IMV, n (%) | 18 (1.67%) | 0 (0%) | 0.25 |
| Shock, n (%) | 44 (4.09%) | 5 (3.82%) | >.99 |
| PSI class, n (%) | <0.0001 | ||
| I-III | 589 (54.69%) | 24 (18.32%) | |
| IV-V | 488 (45.31%) | 107 (81.68%) | |
| PSI Score, mean (SD) | 88.23 (31.60) | 117.35 (30.36) | <0.0001 |
Data are presented as n (%) or mean (SD). COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CHF: congestive heart failure; CAD: coronary artery disease; CVD; cerebrovascular disease; ICU: intensive care unit; IMV: invasive mechanical ventilation; PSI: pneumonia severity index.