Figure 3. Summary of healthy lifestyle-based strategies to maintain or restore healthy vascular aging.

Note: under “Effects”, ↓ represents a reduction, ↔ represents weak or conflicting evidence, and (?) represents a lack of available data for the indicated outcome (for arterial stiffness, this refers specifically to data on carotid-femoral pulse-wave velocity). Under “Evidence”, the human symbol represents clinical evidence and the number of symbols reflects the approximate semi-quantitative weight of evidence available for each strategy based on the authors’ review of the literature. For details, see references/discussion in the text.