Figure 5. Summary of pharmacological-based strategies to maintain or restore healthy vascular aging.

Note: under “Effects”, ↓ represents a reduction, ↔ represents weak or conflicting evidence, and (?) represents a lack of available data for the indicated outcome (for arterial stiffness, this refers specifically to data on carotid-femoral pulse-wave velocity). Under “Evidence”, human and mouse symbol represent clinical and preclinical evidence, respectively, and the number of symbols reflects the approximate semi-quantitative weight of evidence available for each strategy based on the authors’ review of the literature. For details, see references/discussion in the text. mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; SAC, sirtuin activating compound; TNFα, tumor-necrosis factor-α; IL-1β, interleukin-1 β; PPAR-gamma, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma