Table 4.

Univariate statistical analysis of urine samples.

Metabolites	DS (median)	CTRL (median)	DS/CTRL	p	pFDR	Cliff’s delta
1-Methylnicotinamide	70.40	77.76	0.91	0.158	0.303	Small
2-Hydroxyisobutyricacid	475.71	466.07	1.02	0.424	0.601	Negligible
3-Hydroxyisovalericacid	580.32	664.61	0.87	0.127	0.287	Small
4-Hydroxyphenylacetate	751.67	717.87	1.05	0.47	0.639	Negligible
Acetone	183.95	151.38	1.22	0.072	0.287	Small
Alanine	619.34	764.43	0.81	0.127	0.287	Small
Allantoin	261.45	249.15	1.05	0.213	0.344	Small
Asparagine	230.67	230.47	1	0.687	0.79	Negligible
Citrate	2473.96	2223.93	1.11	0.697	0.79	Negligible
Creatine	1943.68	710.51	2.74	0.582	0.707	Negligible
Creatine + Creatinine	55388.33	66245.63	0.84	0.095	0.287	Small
Creatinine	33745.47	35848.97	0.94	0.203	0.344	Small
Dimethylamine	3221.94	3170.58	1.02	0.274	0.424	Small
Dimethylglycine	1468.8	1505.89	0.98	0.725	0.795	Negligible
Ethanolamine	611.43	557.99	1.1	0.169	0.303	Small
Formate	168.84	201.72	0.84	0.162	0.303	Small
Fumarate	23.03	24.19	0.95	0.292	0.431	Small
Glutamate + Glutamine	11171.06	10468.04	1.07	0.136	0.29	Small
Glycine	2376.48	3336.31	0.71**	0.023	0.153	Medium
Glycolate	1749.97	1595.02	1.1	0.764	0.812	Negligible
Hippurate	1759.98	2848.18	0.62**	0.123	0.287	Small
Isoleucine	16.84	12.89	1.31*	0.838	0.863	Negligible
Leucine	84.61	98.17	0.86	0.053	0.256	Small
Lysine	2692.58	2793.75	0.96	0.114	0.287	Small
Phenylacetylglycine	3291.89	2429.73	1.35*	0.02	0.153	Medium
Taurine	5402.05	5789.23	0.93	0.12	0.287	Small
Trigonelline	70.38	96.77	0.73**	0.109	0.287	Small
Trimethylamine-N-Oxide	6546.7	4502.19	1.45*	0.011	0.153	Medium
Tyrosine	927.51	786.09	1.18	0.02	0.153	Medium
Valine	77.15	82.48	0.94	0.913	0.913	Negligible

List of metabolites whose concentration levels (in arbitrary units) have been determined in all samples (DS, n = 51; CTRL, n = 20). The p-value (p) of the univariate Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test for each metabolite is reported together with the p-value calculated after false discovery rate correction (p_FDR). The effect size, using the Cliff’s delta formulation, was also calculated to aid the identification of the meaningful signals giving an estimation of the magnitude of the separation between the different groups. Metabolites that show significant concentration differences in the two groups (p-value < 0.05) and/or show values in the interval next to 3:2 or 2:3 are reported in bold. *Values in the interval next to 3:2 (range 1.3–1.7). **Values in the interval next to 2:3 (range 0.58–0.76).