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. 2018 Feb 14;8:3028. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-21438-2

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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C. coli LOS classes containing GT-42 genes. Arrows represent open reading frames. White arrows: genes putatively unrelated to biosynthesis and transfer of Neu5Ac. Grey arrows: conserved genes. Purple arrows: sialic acid biosynthesis genes always present neuB, neuC, and neuA order. Pink arrows: GT-42 orthologues from group 2. Dark blue arrows: GT-42 orthologues from group 4. Light blue arrows: GT-42 orthologues from group 5. Dark green arrows: GT-42 orthologues from group 6. Light green arrows: GT-42 orthologues from group 7. Striped genes are fragmented. Representation of LOS class II was adapted to reflect origin from LOS class XXXIV. Gene size is not drawn to scale.