Figure 3.

βAR and ER signalling through caveolae. In this view, β₂AR associates with caveolin 3 and LTCC to transduce signals that increase cellular Ca²⁺. β₁AR interacts with caveolin 3 and AC V to induce LTCC current. Caveolin 1 interacts with β₃AR and governs its ability to couple to G_αi. ERα colocalizes with caveolin 1 and signals through G_αi and activates eNOS pathway. ERβ mediates the activation of eNOS by oestrogen in the caveolae. AC V: adenylyl cyclase V; ERα: oestrogen receptor alpha; ERβ: oestrogen receptor beta; eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase; LTCC: L‐type calcium channel